Adjunct Adverbials in English

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 15
Abbreviations......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Part I A framework for analysing adverbials......Page 21
1.1 Introduction......Page 23
1.2 Research questions......Page 24
1.3.2 Corpora used......Page 26
1.3.4 Text types included in the investigation......Page 27
1.3.5 Excerption, analysis, database......Page 30
1.4 Theoretical and classificatory framework......Page 31
1.5 Representation of examples......Page 32
1.6 Plan of the book......Page 33
2.1.2 Adverbial versus predicative (complement)......Page 34
2.1.3 Adverbials versus particles in multiword verb constructions......Page 37
2.1.4 Adverbials versus modifiers......Page 38
2.2 Major classes of adverbials......Page 39
2.3 Different classification schemes......Page 41
2.4 Semantic categories of adjuncts......Page 43
2.4.1 Space adjuncts......Page 44
2.4.2 Time adjuncts......Page 45
2.4.3 Manner adjuncts......Page 46
2.4.4 Contingency adjuncts......Page 47
2.4.5 Respect adjuncts......Page 48
2.4.7 Participant adjuncts......Page 49
2.4.8 Other adjunct categories......Page 50
2.4.9.1 Time and space......Page 51
2.4.9.4 Time and reason......Page 52
2.4.9.6 Manner and degree......Page 53
2.5 More on the class membership of some time adverbials......Page 54
2.6 The realisation of adjuncts......Page 57
2.7 The classification of adjuncts – summary......Page 59
3.1.1 The clause......Page 60
3.1.2 The classification of adverbial positions......Page 61
3.1.3 Problems with differentiating initial and medial position......Page 64
3.2 Syntactic relations between the verb and the adverbial......Page 66
3.3 The semantic scope of adverbials......Page 68
3.4 Adverbial sequences......Page 74
3.5 Favoured positions......Page 75
3.6 The relationship between semantics, realisation types and position of adverbials......Page 76
3.7 General principles for the placement of adverbials......Page 79
Part II Adverbial positions: theme, cohesion and information dynamics......Page 85
4.1.2 Obligatoriness and scope......Page 87
4.1.3 Clauses with thematised adjuncts......Page 89
4.1.4 Sequences involving adjuncts in initial position......Page 90
4.1.5 The realisation of adjuncts in initial position......Page 91
4.2 The factors influencing adverbial placement and their relevance for initial position......Page 92
4.3 Theme and information structure......Page 93
4.4.1 Given information first......Page 94
4.4.2 Initial adjuncts with a low degree of communicative dynamism......Page 95
4.4.3 Crucial information first......Page 97
4.4.4 Cohesion......Page 99
4.4.5 Thematic development/ text strategy......Page 101
4.4.6 Idiomatic and context-specific uses......Page 104
4.4.7 Indirect motivation......Page 105
4.5 Adjuncts realised by clauses......Page 106
4.6 The build-up of clusters in initial position......Page 112
5.1.1 The distribution of semantic types......Page 116
5.1.2 Obligatoriness and scope......Page 118
5.1.3 Clauses containing adjuncts in medial position......Page 120
5.1.5 The realisation of adjuncts in medial position......Page 121
5.2.1 Focus......Page 122
5.2.3 Information structure and weight......Page 123
5.3 Not-position adjuncts......Page 125
5.4 Long adjuncts in medial position: parenthetical insertion......Page 127
5.5 A note on the split infinitive......Page 130
5.6 The build-up of clusters in medial position......Page 132
6.1.1 The distribution of semantic types......Page 135
6.1.2 Obligatoriness and scope......Page 137
6.1.3 Clauses with adjuncts in end position......Page 140
6.1.4 Sequences involving adjuncts in end position......Page 141
6.1.5 The realisation of adjuncts in end position......Page 142
6.2 The factors influencing adverbial placement and their relevance for end position......Page 143
6.2.2 Semantic closeness to the verb......Page 144
6.2.3 The weight principle......Page 146
6.2.4 End focus......Page 148
6.2.5 Cohesion......Page 150
6.2.6 Information structure (in text)......Page 151
6.2.7 Text strategy......Page 152
6.2.8 Indirect motivation......Page 154
6.2.9 Summary......Page 155
6.3 Adjuncts realised by clauses......Page 156
6.4.2 Order according to syntactic obligatoriness and scope......Page 163
6.4.4 Order according to semantic categories......Page 165
6.4.5 Conflict and interaction between ordering principles......Page 170
7.1 The cleft focus position and the it-cleft construction......Page 172
7.2.2 Realisation of adjuncts in cleft focus position......Page 173
7.2.3 Obligatoriness and scope......Page 174
7.3 The information dynamics of it-clefts in general......Page 175
7.4 The information dynamics of it-clefts with clefted adjuncts......Page 176
7.5.1 Contrast......Page 179
7.5.2 Topic-launching......Page 180
7.5.3 Topic-linking: transition......Page 181
7.5.4 Summative......Page 182
7.5.5 Thematisation......Page 183
7.5.6 Discourse functions and information structure......Page 185
7.6 It-clefts in different genres......Page 186
7.7 Concluding remarks......Page 187
8.2 Positional types of combinations......Page 189
8.3 Combinations involving clusters......Page 190
8.4.1 Patterns in I+E combinations......Page 192
8.4.2 Cohesion......Page 193
8.4.3 Sentence balance and clarity......Page 195
8.4.4 Information structure and thematisation......Page 196
8.5 Combinations of medial and end position......Page 197
8.6 Combinations of initial and medial position......Page 198
8.7 Combinations of variants of medial position......Page 200
8.8 Combinations of more than two positions......Page 201
8.9 Order of semantic types of adjunct in combinations......Page 202
8.10 Combinations: summary and concluding remarks......Page 203
Part III Semantic types of adverbials: subtypes, frequencies and usage......Page 205
9.2.1 Introduction......Page 207
9.2.2 More on subtypes of space adjuncts......Page 208
9.2.3 Distribution of space adjuncts across process types......Page 210
9.2.4 Distribution of space adjuncts across text types......Page 213
9.2.5 Locative inversion......Page 215
9.2.6 Metaphorical uses of space adjuncts......Page 217
9.2.7 Discourse functions of space adjuncts......Page 219
9.2.8 Spatial clauses......Page 220
9.2.9 Sequences of space adjuncts......Page 221
9.3.1 Introduction......Page 223
9.3.2 More on subtypes of time adjuncts......Page 224
9.3.3 Distribution of time adjuncts across process types......Page 226
9.3.4 Distribution of time adjuncts across text types......Page 227
9.3.5 Metaphorical uses of time adjuncts......Page 230
9.3.6 Discourse functions of time adjuncts......Page 231
9.3.7 Temporal clauses......Page 233
9.3.8 Sequences of time adjuncts......Page 234
9.4 Space and time adjuncts: concluding remarks......Page 236
10.2.1 More on subtypes of manner adjuncts......Page 238
10.2.2 Distribution of manner adjuncts across process types......Page 240
10.2.3 Distribution of manner adjuncts across text types......Page 243
10.2.4 Manner adjuncts versus act-related disjuncts......Page 246
10.2.6 Sequences of manner adjuncts......Page 247
10.3.1 More on subtypes of contingency adjuncts......Page 248
10.3.2 Distribution of contingency adjuncts across process types......Page 251
10.3.3 Distribution of contingency adjuncts across text types......Page 252
10.3.4 Discourse functions of contingency adjuncts......Page 255
10.3.5 Realisations of contingency adjuncts......Page 257
10.3.6 Sequences of contingency adjuncts......Page 258
10.3.7 Contingency adjuncts: concluding remarks......Page 259
11.2.1 The category and the subtypes of participant adjuncts......Page 260
11.2.3 Distribution of participant adjuncts across process types......Page 262
11.2.4 Distribution of participant adjuncts across text types......Page 263
11.3.1 The category and subtypes of respect adjuncts......Page 264
11.3.2 The placement of respect adjuncts......Page 265
11.3.3 Distribution of respect adjuncts across process types......Page 266
11.3.4 Distribution of respect adjuncts across text types......Page 267
11.4 Other adjunct categories across process types......Page 268
11.5 Adjuncts of degree and extent......Page 269
11.6.1 Overview of placement......Page 270
11.6.2 The placement of the focus adjuncts only and just......Page 272
11.6.3 The placement of intensifier adjuncts......Page 274
11.7 Viewpoint adjuncts......Page 275
Part IV Adjunct adverbials in English......Page 277
12.1 Introduction......Page 279
12.2 Semantic types......Page 280
12.3 Use of adverbial positions......Page 285
12.4 Realisation types......Page 290
12.5 Frequency and types of sequences......Page 292
12.6 Pragmatic uses of adjuncts in discourse......Page 295
12.6.1 Pause-fillers and partitions......Page 296
12.6.2 Interpersonal meanings......Page 297
12.6.3 Functions associated with initial position......Page 298
12.7 Text-type-characteristic uses of adjuncts......Page 301
12.8 Adverbial usage: characteristics of text types......Page 303
13.2.1 Semantic types (frequency and semantic complexity)......Page 306
13.2.2 Realisation types......Page 309
13.2.3 Positions (frequency and characteristics)......Page 310
13.2.4 Text-type variation......Page 312
13.2.5 Adjunct adverbials in information structure......Page 313
13.2.6 Adjunct adverbials in the cohesive framework of a text......Page 314
13.3 Factors determining adverbial placement......Page 315
13.4.2 Adjuncts extending into the textual domain......Page 317
13.4.3 Adjuncts extending into the interpersonal domain......Page 318
13.4.4 The adjunct status of focus and degree adverbials......Page 320
13.4.5 A scale of -adjuncthood’?......Page 322
13.5 Further research......Page 323
Appendix......Page 326
References......Page 328
Index......Page 335