Additive Migration from Plastics into Food; A Guide for Analytical Chemists

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 13
1.2 Principles of Extractability Testing......Page 17
1.3 Extractability Testing in the European Union......Page 19
1.5 Extractability Testing in the USA......Page 20
2.1.1 Polyethylene......Page 25
2.1.4 Polypropylene......Page 27
2.4 Ionomers......Page 28
2.5 Vinyl Plastics and Vinyl Copolymers......Page 29
2.6 Polystyrene and its Copolymers......Page 30
2.9 Lopac......Page 31
2.13.2 Polyethylene Terephthalate (Terylene)......Page 32
2.15 Polyacetals......Page 33
2.19 Phenol-formaldehyde......Page 34
2.23 Epoxy Resins......Page 35
2.26.1 Cellulose......Page 36
2.26.2 Cellulose Derivatives......Page 37
2.28.1 Rubber and Elastomers......Page 38
3 Non-Polymeric Components of Plastics......Page 39
3.2 Residual and Unreacted Starting Materials......Page 41
3.3 Polymerisation Medium......Page 42
3.6 Processing Aids......Page 43
3.6.4 Antistatic Agents......Page 44
3.6.6 Lubricants......Page 45
3.6.9 Plasticisers......Page 46
3.7 End-Use Additives......Page 47
3.7.6 Brighteners and Whiteners......Page 48
3.7.8 Expanding Agents (Blowing Agents, Foaming Agents)......Page 49
3.7.12 Ultraviolet Protective Agents......Page 50
3.7.15 Gas Barrier Packaging Oxygen Scavengers......Page 51
4.1.1 Method......Page 55
4.2 DLTDP in Aqueous and Non-aqueous Extractants......Page 57
4.3 Irganox 1076 (Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy phenylpropionate) in Non-aqueous Extractants......Page 76
4.4 Ionox 330 (1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5 di tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene) Antioxidant in Fatty Extractants......Page 77
4.5 Miscellaneous Antioxidants......Page 80
5.1 Uvitex OB (2,5-bis (5′-tert butyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene) in Aqueous Extractants......Page 87
6.1.1 Phthalate Platicisers in Fatty Extractants......Page 93
6.1.2 Phthalates in Aqueous Alcoholic Extract......Page 103
6.2 Phthalates and Adipates in Aqueous and Fatty Extractants......Page 106
7.1 Organotin Compounds in Fatty Extractants......Page 117
8 Determination of Organic Sulfur Compounds in Extractants......Page 121
9.1 Wine and Olive Oil......Page 131
9.1.1 PDMS in Olive Oil and Wine......Page 132
10 Determination of Lubricants in Extraction Liquids......Page 137
11.1.1 Determination of Acrylonitrile in Aqueous-ethanol Extractants......Page 141
11.1.2 Determination of Acrylonitrile Monomer in Acidic and Alkaline Extractants......Page 142
11.1.4 Determination of Acrylonitrile Monomer in 5% Sodium Carbonate Extractant......Page 143
11.1.6 Separation of Acrylonitrile from Light Liquid-Paraffin andn-Heptane Extractants......Page 145
11.1.7 Determination of Acrylonitrile in Aqueous, Acidic and Alkaline Extractants......Page 147
11.1.9 Calculation of the Acrylonitrile Contents of the Extractants......Page 148
11.2.1 Determination of Styrene Monomer and Other Volatiles in Polystyrene......Page 150
11.3 Determination of Acrylate Monomers and Oligomers in Aqueous and Fatty Extractants......Page 153
12 Analysis of Polymer Extraction Liquids Containing More Than One Migrant......Page 165
12.1.1 Extraction Test (Assuming the Extraction Test is Carried Out on700/800 ml Scale)......Page 166
12.2 Separation of Individual Additives from Solvent Extract of Extractant Liquid......Page 167
12.2.1 Indirect Setermination of Additives on the Thin-layer Plate......Page 169
12.2.2 Scaling of Operations......Page 174
12.3 Ether Extraction of Extraction Liquid......Page 175
13 Determination of Additives and their Breakdown Products in Extractants......Page 183
13.1 Determination of Lauric Diethanolamide and its Degradation Products in Aqueous Fatty Extraction Liquids......Page 184
13.1.1 Determination of Lauric Diethanolamide and DEA in the Distilled Water Extractant......Page 187
13.1.3 Determination of Lauric Diethanolamide and DEA in the 50% w/v Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol Extractant......Page 188
13.1.4 Determination of Lauric Diethanolamide and Hydrolysis Productsin the 5% w/v Aqueous Citric Acid Extractant......Page 192
13.1.5 Determination of Lauric Diethanolamide in the Liquid Paraffin Extractant......Page 193
13.2 Polymeric Plasticisers......Page 207
13.3 Polybutylene Adipate, Poly(1,2-Propylene Adipate) and Polybutylene Succinate......Page 208
13.4 Organosulfur Vulcanising Agents......Page 210
14 Additive Migration Theory......Page 213
14.1 Polyethylene Naphthalate......Page 230
14.2 The Total Migration Concept......Page 260
15 Gas Barrier Properties of Food Packaging Plastic Films......Page 271
16.1 Regulatory System in the European Union......Page 285
16.3 Regulatory System Existing in the USA......Page 292
17.1 Antioxidants......Page 310
17.2.3 Meat......Page 314
17.3 Organotin Compounds......Page 315
17.7 Metals......Page 316
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 322
Subject Index......Page 326