Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction and Need for Additive Manufacturing in the Medical Industry
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Historical Aspects
	1.3 Cutting-edge Technology
	1.4 The Procedure of 3D Printing
	1.5 Need for Additive Manufacturing Printing in the Medical Industry
		1.5.1 Tailoring of Dose
		1.5.2 Patient Compliance Improved
		1.5.3 New Design in Medicine
		1.5.4 Integration with Healthcare Network
		1.5.5 Complex Drug-release Profiles
		1.5.6 Implants and Prostheses
		1.5.7 Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs
		1.5.8 Microneedles
		1.5.9 Improving Medical Education
	1.6 Case Study of First USFDA-Approved Tablet
	1.7 Regulatory Perspective
	1.8 Challenges and Opportunities
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Insights of 3D Printing Technology with Its Types: A Review
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 History of 3D Printing
	2.3 General Principles
		2.3.1 Modelling
		2.3.2 Printing
		2.3.3 Finishing
	2.4 Types of 3D Printing
		2.4.1 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
		2.4.2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
		2.4.3 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
		2.4.4 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
		2.4.5 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
		2.4.6 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		2.4.7 Stereolithography (SLA)
	2.5 Materials
	2.6 Applications in Different Fields
		2.6.1 Bioprinting Tissues and Organs
		2.6.2 Customised Implants and Prostheses
		2.6.3 Anatomical Models for Surgical Preparation
		2.6.4 Improving Medical Education
		2.6.5 Customised 3D-Printed Dosage
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: 3D Printing Technology: An Overview
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 3D-Printing Materials
		3.2.1 Plastics
		3.2.2 Metals
		3.2.3 Ceramics
		3.2.4 Paper
		3.2.5 Biomaterials
		3.2.6 Food
		3.2.7 Other
	3.3 Technology for Plastic or Alumide
		3.3.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Technology
		3.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Technology
	3.4 Technology for Resin or Wax
		3.4.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
		3.4.2 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
		3.4.3 Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)
		3.4.4 MultiJet Printers
	3.5 Technology for Metal
	3.6 Multicolour
	3.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Use of Additive Manufacturing in Surgical Tools/Guides for Dental Implants
	4.1 Additive Manufacturing (AM)
		4.1.1 General Aspects
	4.2 Clinical Applications in Oral Healthcare
	4.3 Evolution of Guided Dental Implant Surgery
	4.4 Classification and Types of Implant Surgical Guides
	4.5 Cast-based Implant Surgical Guide
	4.6 CAD/CAM-based Implant Surgical Guide
	4.7 Design and Development of Contemporary Implant Surgical Guides
	4.8 AM in Surgical Tools/Guides for Dental Implants
	4.9 Power of Digital Planning, Design and 3D Printing
	4.10 Materials Used for Implant Surgical Guides
	4.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Hydrogels
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Biomaterials
	5.3 Metals
		5.3.1 Conventional Metals and Their Alloys
		5.3.2 Biodegradable Metals (BMs)
			5.3.2.1 Mg-based BMs
			5.3.2.2 Zn-based BMs
			5.3.2.3 Fe-based BMs
		5.3.3 Shape-Memory Alloys (SMA)
	5.4 Ceramics
		5.4.1 Bioceramics
			5.4.1.1 Bioinert Ceramics
			5.4.1.2 Bioactive Glass or Glass-ceramics
	5.5 Polymers
		5.5.1 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs)
	5.6 Hydrogels and Their Type
		5.6.1 Bio-inks and Biomaterials Inks
		5.6.2 Smart Hydrogels
	5.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Hydrogels
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Natural Polymer Materials
		6.1.2 Synthetic Polymer Materials
		6.1.3 Ceramic Materials
		6.1.4 Metals
		6.1.5 Composite Materials with Enhanced Performances
		6.1.6 Bio-inks
	6.2 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics and Hydrogels
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Metals Used in 3D Bioprinting
		7.2.1 Fe Alloys
		7.2.2 Cobalt-chrome Alloys
		7.2.3 Nickel
		7.2.4 Mg
		7.2.5 Titanium Alloys
		7.2.6 Stainless Steel
	7.3 Polymers Used in 3D Bioprinting
		7.3.1 Natural Polymers
		7.3.2 Synthetic (artificial) Polymers
		7.3.3 Application of 3D Polymer Biomaterials
	7.4 Ceramics Used in 3D Bioprinting
	7.5 Hydrogels Used in 3D Bioprinting
		7.5.1 Natural Hydrogels
			7.5.1.1 Alginate Hydrogels
			7.5.1.2 Chitosan Hydrogels
			7.5.1.3 Fibrin Hydrogels
		7.5.2 Synthetic Hydrogels
			7.5.2.1 Poly(HEMA) Hydrogels
			7.5.2.2 PVA Hydrogels
		7.5.3 PEG Hydrogels
	7.6 Future Aspects and Studies
	References
Chapter 8: Recent Advances and Developments in the Field of Rapid Prototyping for Clinical Applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Clinical Complications
		8.2.1 Issues During Clinical Training
		8.2.2 Designing of Implants
		8.2.3 Accuracy and Efficiency of Prosthetics
		8.2.4 Cardiovascular Diseases
		8.2.5 Complications in Hearing
	8.3 Rapid Prototyping for Clinical Applications
		8.3.1 Use of 3D Printing in Clinical Training
		8.3.2 3D-Printed Implants and Fracture Fixers
		8.3.3 3D-Printed Prosthetics
		8.3.4 3D Printing in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
		8.3.5 3D-Printed Hearing Aids
	8.4 Conclusion
	Annexure for Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 9: Surgery Planning and Tool Selection Using 3D Printing: Application to Neurosurgery
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methodology of Obtaining a 3D Model from CT/MRI Scans
		9.2.1 Top-Down Approach
		9.2.2 Bottom-up Approach
	9.3 Comparison
	9.4 Fabrication of Physical Model
	9.5 Discussion
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Amalgamating Additive Manufacturing and Electrospinning for Fabrication of 3D Scaffolds
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Status of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in Scaffold Fabrication
	10.3 Status of Electrospinning in Scaffold Fabrication
	10.4 Amalgamation of AM and Electrospinning
		10.4.1 Electrospinning Used in Combination with AM Technique
		10.4.2 Melt Electrospinning as AM Approach
	10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	Acknowledgement
	Annexure for Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 11: Usage of Additive Manufacturing in Customised Bone Tissue-Engineering Scaffold
	11.1 Introduction to Bone Biofabrication: History, Role and Challenges
	11.2 Bone Structure and Physiology
		11.2.1 Bone
		11.2.2 Bone Remodelling
		11.2.3 Bone Structure
		11.2.4 Bone Regeneration and Healing
	11.3 Essential Elements of Bone Biofabrication Triad
	11.4 Scaffolds
		11.4.1 3D-Printed Bone Scaffolds
		11.4.2 Mechanical Properties
		11.4.3 Bioprinting of Scaffolds
		11.4.4 Bio-inks
	11.5 Stem Cells
		11.5.1 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
		11.5.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
		11.5.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
		11.5.4 Applications
	11.6 Growth Factors
		11.6.1 Biomolecules in Bone Healing
		11.6.2 Delivery Systems
		11.6.3 Sterilisation
	11.7 Applications in Life Sciences
		11.7.1 Applications in Medical Sciences
		11.7.2 Applications in Dentistry
	11.8 Future Directions
	Annexure for Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 12: Application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technology in the Medical Field: A Boon for the 21st Century
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Additive Manufacturing for Medical Applications
	12.3 Developments in Medical Additive Manufacturing
	12.4 3D Tools for Medical Treatment
		12.4.1 3D-Printed Dental Applications (dentistry)
		12.4.2 Anatomical Models
		12.4.3 General Tools
		12.4.4 Prosthetics and Orthotics
	12.5 Health Monitoring and Drug Delivery
	12.6 Application in Medical Materials
		12.6.1 Functional Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
		12.6.2 Anatomical and Pharmacological Models
		12.6.3 Medical Apparatus and Instruments
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Additive Manufacturing Market Prognosis of Medical Devices in the International Arena
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Future Market for Additive Manufacturing (AM)
	13.3 Global Healthcare Trends and Opportunities of 3D-Printing Market
	13.4 Global Healthcare Market Potential of 3D-Printing Market
	13.5 Global Healthcare 3D-Market: Competitive Landscape
		13.5.1 Technology-Based Insights
		13.5.2 Product-Based Insights
		13.5.3 Application-Based Insights
		13.5.4 Strategic Insights
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Overview of 3D-printing Technology: History, Types, Applications and Materials
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 History
	14.3 Techniques
		14.3.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
		14.3.2 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
		14.3.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		14.3.4 Vat Polymerisation
		14.3.5 Sheet Lamination
	14.4 Materials
		14.4.1 Polymers
		14.4.2 Metals and Alloys
		14.4.3 Ceramics
		14.4.4 Concrete
	14.5 Applications
		14.5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
		14.5.2 Aerospace Industry
		14.5.3 Construction Industry
		14.5.4 Biomedical Industry
			14.5.4.1 Market Demand for Additive Manufactured Biomedical Products
	14.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	Annexure for Abbreviations
	Note
	References
Chapter 15: Overview of 3D-printing Technology: Types, Applications, Materials and Post Processing Techniques
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 What is 3D Printing?
		15.2.1 Generic Process of 3D Printing
		15.2.2 Comparison of 3D Printing Over Conventional or Subtractive Manufacturing Techniques
	15.3 Current Companies and Their Parameters
	15.4 Decision Parameters for Selecting 3D-Printing Technology
		15.4.1 Selection of AM Process Parameters
	15.5 Fabrication using 3D Printing
		15.5.1 Fusion Filament Fabrication (FFF)
		15.5.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		15.5.3 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
		15.5.4 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
		15.5.5 Inkjet Printing (IJP)
		15.5.6 Stereolithography (SLA)
	15.6 Applications of 3D Printing
		15.6.1 Medical
		15.6.2 Aerospace
		15.6.3 Construction/Building
		15.6.4 Automotive
		15.6.5 Food
	15.7 Materials for 3D Printing
		15.7.1 Composites
		15.7.2 Concrete
		15.7.3 Metals
		15.7.4 Polymer
		15.7.5 Ceramics
		15.7.6 Special Materials
	15.8 Post-processing Techniques
		15.8.1 Application of Post-processing
	15.9 Challenges of 3D Printing
	15.10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 16: Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Product Design and Development: Case Study on Biomaterials
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Biomaterial Science and Biofabrication Concepts
	16.3 Application of 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering
		16.3.1 Rapid Prototyping (RP)
		16.3.2 Stereolithography (SLA)
		16.3.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		16.3.4 Extrusion Printing
		16.3.5 Engineering Applications of Electrospinning
		16.3.6 Bioprinting and Organ Printing
		16.3.7 Inkjet Printing and Collagen Bio-Ink
		16.3.8 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting (LAB)
	16.4 Cell Printing for Medical Application
	16.5 Application of Microreactor Array (μRA) and Bioprinting of Cancer Cells
		16.5.1 Microreactor Array (μRA)
		16.5.2 3D-Bioprinting Applications for Cancer Cells
	16.6 Application of Printing for Drug Manufacturing
	16.7 Conclusion
	Conflicts of Interest
	Annexure for Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 17: Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Artificial Intelligence Applications in AM
		17.2.1 Printability Checker
		17.2.2 Prefabrication
			17.2.2.1 Slicing Acceleration
			17.2.2.2 Path Optimisation
		17.2.3 Service Platform and Evaluation
		17.2.4 Security
	17.3 Conclusion
	References
Index