Acute and critical care medicine at a glance

Cover......Page 1
Dedication......Page 4
Title page......Page 5
Copyright page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Units, symbols and abbreviations......Page 12
How to use your textbook......Page 18
Part 1: General......Page 23
 1: Recognizing the unwell patient......Page 24
  Assessment of the acutely ill patient......Page 25
 2: Managing the critically ill patient......Page 26
  Cost of critical care medicine......Page 27
 3: Monitoring in critical care medicine......Page 28
  Organ and tissue oxygenation......Page 29
 4: The electrocardiogram......Page 30
  Electrocardiogram interpretation......Page 31
 5: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation......Page 32
  Prognosis......Page 33
 6: Oxygen transport......Page 34
  Relationship between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption......Page 35
  Definition and causes......Page 36
  Management......Page 37
 8: Circulatory assessment......Page 38
 9: Fluid management: pathophysiological factors......Page 40
  Factors affecting fluid and electrolyte administration......Page 41
 10: Fluid management: assessment and prescription......Page 42
  Types of fluid......Page 43
  Fluid choice......Page 44
 12: Inotropes and vasopressors......Page 45
 13: Failure of oxygenation and respiratory failure......Page 46
 14: Oxygenation and oxygen therapy......Page 48
  Other techniques to improve oxygenation......Page 49
 15: Airways obstruction and management......Page 50
  Airways management......Page 51
 16: Non-invasive ventilation......Page 52
  Indication for NIV and CPAP......Page 53
 17: Endotracheal intubation......Page 54
  Endotracheal tube care......Page 55
 18: Mechanical ventilation......Page 56
  Complications of mechanical ventilation......Page 57
 19: Respiratory management, weaning and tracheostomy......Page 58
  Tracheostomy (Figure 19c)......Page 59
 20: Arterial blood gases and acid-base balance......Page 60
   The relationship between pH, HCO3− and Pco2......Page 61
 21: Analgesia, sedation and paralysis......Page 62
  Neuromuscular paralytic agents......Page 63
 22: Enteral and parenteral nutrition......Page 64
  Immunonutrition......Page 65
   Causes......Page 66
   Management......Page 67
  History......Page 68
  Investigation......Page 69
  Definitions......Page 70
  Prognosis......Page 71
 26: Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections......Page 72
  Urinary tract infections......Page 73
 27: Fever in the returning traveller......Page 74
  Malaria......Page 75
 28: Fever (pyrexia) of unknown origin......Page 76
  Management......Page 77
 29: End of life issues......Page 78
  Organ donation......Page 79
Part 2: Medical......Page 81
  30: Acute coronary syndromes I: clinical pathophysiology......Page 82
   Clinical features......Page 83
  31: Acute coronary syndromes II: investigations and management......Page 84
    Myocardial infarction/STEMI......Page 85
  32: Arrhythmias: tachyarrhythmias......Page 86
  33: Arrhythmias: bradyarrhythmias......Page 89
  34: Heart failure and pulmonary oedema......Page 90
    Cardiogenic shock......Page 91
   Hypertensive emergencies......Page 92
   Other cardiac emergencies......Page 93
  36: Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism......Page 94
    Treatment......Page 95
  37: Chest imaging and bronchoscopy......Page 96
   Classification......Page 98
   Management......Page 99
  39: Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia......Page 100
   Other pneumonias......Page 101
  40: Asthma......Page 102
   Management of deteriorating asthma......Page 103
  41: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease......Page 104
    Acute exacerbations......Page 105
  42: Acute respiratory distress syndrome......Page 106
   Management......Page 107
  43: Pneumothorax and air leaks......Page 108
   Air leaks......Page 109
   Massive haemoptysis......Page 110
   Other respiratory emergencies......Page 111
  45: Acute kidney injury: pathophysiology and clinical aspects......Page 112
    Examination......Page 113
  46: Acute kidney injury: management and renal replacement therapy......Page 114
    Renal replacement therapy......Page 115
  47: Electrolyte disturbances: sodium and potassium......Page 116
   Hyperkalaemia......Page 117
    Calcium homeostasis......Page 118
   Hypercalcaemia......Page 119
    Hypomagnesaemia......Page 120
    Hyperphosphataemia......Page 121
  50: Diabetic emergencies......Page 122
   Lactic acidosis......Page 123
   Thyroid emergencies......Page 124
   Other endocrine emergencies......Page 125
   Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage......Page 126
    Management......Page 127
   Definition......Page 128
   Investigation (Figure 53c)......Page 129
  54: Acute liver failure......Page 130
   Prognosis......Page 131
  55: Acute pancreatitis......Page 132
   Complications and long-term sequelae......Page 133
  56: Vomiting and intestinal obstruction......Page 134
    Prognosis......Page 135
  57: Diarrhoea......Page 136
   Chronic diarrhoea......Page 137
   Management......Page 138
  59: Abdominal imaging......Page 139
  60: Acute confusional state, coma and status epilepticus......Page 140
   Status epilepticus (SEp)......Page 141
  61: Stroke......Page 142
    Secondary prevention strategies......Page 143
   Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT)......Page 144
   Other neurological infections......Page 145
  64: Neuromuscular conditions......Page 146
   Other neuromuscular disorders......Page 147
   Meningococcal sepsis......Page 148
   Gonorrhoea......Page 149
   Influenza......Page 150
   Gastro-intestinal viral infections......Page 151
  67: Common fungal and protozoal infections......Page 152
   Toxoplasmosis......Page 153
  68: The immune compromised patient......Page 154
    Other specific causes......Page 155
  69: Coagulation disorders and transfusion......Page 156
   Hypercoagulable disorders......Page 157
  70: Drug overdose and poisoning......Page 158
   Specific management......Page 159
Part 3: Surgical......Page 161
 71: Trauma......Page 162
  Secondary survey/definitive therapy......Page 163
 72: Head injury......Page 164
  Prognosis......Page 165
 73: Chest trauma......Page 166
   Other injuries......Page 167
 74: Acute abdominal emergencies......Page 168
  Other acute abdominal emergencies......Page 169
 75: Obstetric emergencies......Page 170
  Medical emergencies in pregnancy......Page 171
 76: Burns, toxic inhalation and electrical injuries......Page 172
  Chemical and electrical burns......Page 173
  Case 3......Page 174
  Case 5......Page 175
  Case 6......Page 176
  Case 2: Oxygenation and oxygen therapy......Page 177
  Case 3: Inferior myocardial infarction (MI)......Page 178
  Case 4: COPD and Type 2 respiratory failure......Page 180
  Case 5: Community-acquired pneumonia and pulmonary embolism......Page 181
  Case 6: Diabetic emergencies......Page 182
 Appendix I: Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs (based on Vaughan Williams classification)......Page 184
   Pacemaker classification:......Page 185
 Appendix III: Acute injury network staging system 2008 for acute kidney injury (AKI)......Page 186
 Appendix IV: Rockall risk-scoring system for GI bleeds......Page 187
 Appendix V: Child–Pugh grading: A = 5–6; B = 7–9; C = 10–15. Risk of variceal bleeding increases ≥8......Page 188
 Appendix VI: Typical criteria for liver transplantation......Page 189
 Appendix VII: Royal College of Physicians’ top nutrition tips......Page 190
Index......Page 191
EULA......Page 195