Acting Principles of Nano-Scaled Matrix Additives for Composite Structures (Research Topics in Aerospace)

Preface
Acknowlegement
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Motivation and Relevance
	References
2 State of Research on Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites and Theses of This Book
	2.1 Literature Review
		2.1.1 Interaction Between Nanoparticles and Matrix
		2.1.2 Nano- and Micromechanical Models of Nanoparticle-Reinforced Epoxy Resins
		2.1.3 Flow Behavior of Nano-Particulate Epoxy Resin Suspensions
		2.1.4 Impregnation Process of Nanoparticle-Reinforced Fiber Composite Structures
		2.1.5 Failure Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites
		2.1.6 Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites for Complex Structures
	2.2 Theses
	References
Part II Foundation
3 Modeling and Simulation  of Nanocomposites and Their Manufacturing Processes
	3.1 Modeling and Simulation of Nanocomposite
		3.1.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
		3.1.2 Coarse-Grained Modeling
		3.1.3 Multiscale Modeling
	3.2 Process Simulation
		3.2.1 Fluid Flow in Porous Media
		3.2.2 Nanoparticle-Epoxy Flow in Porous Media
		3.2.3 Cure Process
		3.2.4 Summary
	References
4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methods
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 TGA Measurements
		4.3.2 X-ray Scattering
		4.3.3 Calorimetry
		4.3.4 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Liquid Composite Molding Processes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Functionalization of FRPs with Nanoparticles
	5.3 Multi-scale Functional FRPs Fabrication Strategies
	5.4 Summary
	References
Part III Particle-Matrix Interaction
6 Mechanical Properties of Boehmite Evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy Experiments and Molecular Dynamic Finite Element Simulations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Boehmite
		6.2.1 Spray Dried Nanoparticles HP14
		6.2.2 Geological Boehmite
		6.2.3 Hydrothermally Synthesized Boehmite
	6.3 Experimental Characterization of Boehmite
		6.3.1 XRD Measurements
		6.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy
		6.3.3 AFM Measurements
		6.3.4 Summary of the Experimental Part
	6.4 Numerical Characterization of Boehmite
		6.4.1 AFM Simulation Models
		6.4.2 Results of Preliminary Simulations
		6.4.3 Simulation Results
	6.5 Results and Discussion
	6.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
7 Particle Surface Modification
	7.1 Introduction to Nanoparticle Surface Modification
	7.2 Surface Modification of Filler Particles  for Nanocomposites
	7.3 Surface Modification of Boehmite
		7.3.1 Motivation and General Aspects
		7.3.2 APTES Modification of BNP
		7.3.3 Two-Step Modification of BNP
		7.3.4 Influence of BNP Surface Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite
		7.3.5 Alternative Surface Modification Approaches
	7.4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
8 Short- and Long-Range Particle-Matrix Interphases
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 AFM-Based Experimental Studies of Boehmite/Epoxy Interphase
		8.2.1 Experimental—Materials and Sample Preparation
		8.2.2 Results and Discussion
	8.3 Numerical Characterization of the Boehmite/Epoxy Interphase
		8.3.1 Calculation of the Local Elastic Properties from MD Simulations
		8.3.2 Modeling and Simulation Aspects
		8.3.3 Results and Discussion
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 A Multi-scale Framework for the Prediction of the Elastic Properties of Nanocomposites
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Atomistic Simulation
		9.2.1 Anhydride Cured Epoxy
		9.2.2 Model Generation
		9.2.3 Numerical Investigation of Epoxy
	9.3 Coarse-Grained Simulation
		9.3.1 Mapping Schemes
		9.3.2 Coarse-Grained Force Field
		9.3.3 Results and Discussion
	9.4 Micro-Scale Simulation
		9.4.1 Agglomerate UCs
		9.4.2 Agglomerate RVEs
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Polymer Nanocomposites Using Transformation Field Analysis
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Transformation Field Analysis (TFA)
		10.2.1 Local Fields
		10.2.2 Total Response
	10.3 TFA of Inelastic Deformation
	10.4 Finite Element-Based Implementation
	10.5 Numerical Applications
		10.5.1 Single Nano-Scale Model
		10.5.2 Results of the Single Nano-Scale Model
		10.5.3 Nano-Micro Scale
		10.5.4 Extended Nano-Micro (TFA-TFA) Scale Approach
		10.5.5 Results of Two Micro-Nano Scale Approaches
		10.5.6 Multiscale Modeling of Nanoparticle-Modified Epoxy Tension Specimens Using (TFA)
		10.5.7 Results of Multiscale Modeling of Modified Epoxy Tension Specimens
	10.6 Conclusions
	10.7 Appendix
	10.8 Nomenclature
	References
Part IV Influence of Nanoadditives on Composite Manufacturing
11 Dispersion Technology and Its Simulation
	11.1 Dispersing Technology for the Production of Nanoparticle Reinforced Composites
		11.1.1 Stress Mechanisms and Dispersing Methods
		11.1.2 Comparison of Dispersing Methods for the Production of Highly Viscous Nanocomposites
	11.2 Simulation of Dispersing Devices and Processes
		11.2.1 Simulation of Dispersing Processes in Stirred Media Mills
		11.2.2 Simulation of Dispersing Processes in Laminar Shear Flow
		11.2.3 Flow Simulation of Dispersing Devices
	References
12 Cure Kinetics and Rheology
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Theory
		12.2.1 Modeling of Curing Kinetics and Its Characterization
		12.2.2 Reaction Mechanism and Model Evaluation
		12.2.3 Glass Transition Temperature Versus Conversion
		12.2.4 Rheology
		12.2.5 Estimation of Rheological Model Parameters
	12.3 Materials and Methodologies
		12.3.1 Cure Characterization
		12.3.2 Rheology Characterization
	12.4 Cure Characteristics of Particle Reinforced Composites
		12.4.1 Cure Characterization via Dynamic DSC
		12.4.2 Modeling of Curing Degree
	12.5 Rheology Modeling
		12.5.1 Rheology Characterization and Semi-experimental Modeling
		12.5.2 Mechanistic Modeling of the Suspension Viscosity
		12.5.3 Impact of Surface Modification and Particle Size  on the Suspension Viscosity
	12.6 Summary and Outlook
	References
13 Thermal Properties of Boehmite-Epoxy Nanocomposites
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Modification of Polymer Matrices by Nanoparticle Incorporation
	13.3 Surface Modification of Filler Particles
	13.4 Influence of the Curing Degree on the Thermal Conductivity
	13.5 Thermal Conductivity Measurement Methods
	13.6 Materials and Measurement
	13.7 Results
		13.7.1 Thermal Conductivity
		13.7.2 Heat Capacity
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
14 Molecular Modeling of Epoxy Resin Crosslinking Experimentally Validated by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
		14.2.1 Material System
		14.2.2 Methodology
		14.2.3 Experimental NIR Results—Absolute Absorbance
		14.2.4 Experimental NIR Results—Normalised Change  of Reactive Groups
	14.3 Molecular Modeling Method for Crosslinking
		14.3.1 Generation of the Unlinked Model
		14.3.2 Crosslinking Simulation
	14.4 Results and Discussion
		14.4.1 Effect of Cut-Off Distance
		14.4.2 Experimental Validation Using NIR Measurements
		14.4.3 Discussion
	14.5 Conclusions
	References
15 Permeability Characterization and Impregnation Strategies with Nanoparticle-Modified Resin Systems
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Materials and Methodologies
		15.2.1 Flow Experiments
		15.2.2 Permeability Test
	15.3 Experimental Results
		15.3.1 Nanoparticle Systems Flow and Retention
		15.3.2 Permeability
	15.4 Simulation of the Impregnation Length
	15.5 Impregnation Strategies for Gradual Functionalization
	15.6 Summary
	References
Part V Structural Mechanics of Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites
16 Nanoscaled Boehmites' Modes of Action in a Polymer and Its Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic
	16.1 Challenges of Future CFRP
	16.2 Resin-Particle Interactions
	16.3 Particle–Polymer Interphases
	16.4 Selected Properties and the Nanocomposites' Particle-Network
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
17 Viscoelastic Damage Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Nanoparticle-Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites: Multiscale Modeling and Experimental Validation
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Constitutive Modeling of Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites
		17.2.1 Strain Energy for Fiber Reinforced Composites
		17.2.2 Viscoelastic Damage Constitutive Model
		17.2.3 Summary of the Constitutive Model
		17.2.4 Molecular Simulation Based Parameter Identification
		17.2.5 Finite Element Analysis
		17.2.6 Finite Element Matrices
		17.2.7 Results and Discussion
		17.2.8 Summary and Conclusions
	References
18 Effect of Particle-Surface-Modification on the Failure Behavior of Epoxy/Boehmite CFRPs
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Materials and Specimen Preparation
	18.3 Characterization of Particle Sizes and Surface Loadings
	18.4 Effect of Particle-Surface-Modification on the Processability
	18.5 Effect of Particle-Surface-Modification on the Tensile Properties of the 2-Phase-Composites
	18.6 Effect of Particle-Surface-Modification on the Fracture Toughness of the 2-Phase-Composites
	18.7 Effect of Particle-Surface-Modification on the Mechanical Properties of the 2-Phase-Composites
	18.8 Effect of Particle-Surface-Modification on the Compression Strength After Impact of the 3-Phase-Composites
	18.9 Summary
	References
19 Surface Quality of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Nanocomposites: Investigation and Evaluation  of Processing Parameters Controlling  the Fibre Print-Through Effect
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Materials and Methods
		19.2.1 Characterisation and Testing of Epoxy Resins
		19.2.2 Preparation of Fibre-Reinforced Composites
		19.2.3 Surface Characterisation
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 Pure Resin Examinations
		19.3.2 Laminate Studies
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
20 Upscaling Effects of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites with Respect to Matrix-Induced Distortions  and Mechanical Properties
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Materials and Methods
		20.2.1 Materials and Dispersion of Nanocomposites
		20.2.2 Manufacturing and Testing of L-Angled Brackets
		20.2.3 Manufacturing of C-Frames
		20.2.4 Four-Point Bending of C-Frames
	20.3 Results and Discussion
		20.3.1 Particle Distribution in a CFRP Component
		20.3.2 Matrix Induced Deformations of L-Brackets
		20.3.3 Matrix Induced Deformations of C-Frames
		20.3.4 Impact Calibration of C-Frames
		20.3.5 Damage Areas
		20.3.6 4-Point Bending C-Frames
	20.4 Conclusions
	References
Index