ACSM Resources for the Exercise Physiologist

Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contributors......Page 13
Reviewers......Page 18
Part I: Overview......Page 39
1 Understanding Physical Activity and Exercise......Page 40
Defining Physical Activity, Exercise, Health-Related Fitness, and Skill-Related Fitness......Page 41
Ancient Times and the Rise of Exercise Physiology......Page 45
T.K. Cureton and the Physical Fitness Movement......Page 46
Historical Evolution of Physical Activity Epidemiology......Page 47
Development of Physical Activity Guidelines and Recommendations......Page 48
Relationship between PA/Exercise and Health across the Lifespan......Page 50
Physical Activity and Health in Children and Adolescents......Page 51
Physical Activity and Health in Older Adults......Page 53
General Risks Associated with Physical Activity/Exercise......Page 54
The Risk of Cardiac Events during Exercise Testing......Page 55
Musculoskeletal Injury Associated with Exercise......Page 56
2 Preparticipation Physical Activity Screening Guidelines......Page 70
Importance of Preparticipation Physical Activity Screening......Page 72
History of Preparticipation Physical Activity Screening......Page 73
Self-Guided Screening......Page 74
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire+......Page 75
ePARmed-X+Physician Clearance Follow-Up Questionnaire......Page 80
Professionally Supervised Screening......Page 82
Health History Questionnaire......Page 83
Preparticipation Physical Activity Screening Process......Page 86
Known Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and/or Renal Disease......Page 89
ACSM Major Signs or Symptoms Suggestive of Cardiovascular Disease......Page 90
What to Do Once Risk Is Established?......Page 93
American Heart Association Risk Stratification......Page 95
Pitfalls of ACSM Preparticipation Physical Activity Screening......Page 97
Contraindications to Exercise Testing......Page 98
What Does Contraindication Really Mean?......Page 99
Repurposing Risk Factor Assessment and Management......Page 100
Review of ACSM Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors and Defining Criteria......Page 101
Part II: Assessments and Exercise Programming for Apparently Healthy Participants......Page 111
3 Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessments and Exercise Programming for Apparently Healthy Participants......Page 112
Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems as They Relate to Cardiorespiratory Fitness......Page 113
Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems......Page 114
Adenosine Triphosphate Production......Page 115
Overview of Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Graded Exercise of Conditioned and Unconditioned Participants......Page 118
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics during Submaximal Single-Intensity Exercise......Page 119
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics during Graded Intensity Exercise......Page 120
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Cardiac Output Responses to Graded Intensity Exercise......Page 121
Blood Pressure Response to Graded Intensity Exercise......Page 123
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Assessment......Page 124
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessments Benefits......Page 127
Types of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessments......Page 128
Selecting the Appropriate Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment......Page 130
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Pregnant Women......Page 132
Interpreting Results of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessments, Including Determination of VO2 and VO2max......Page 133
Energy Units and Conversion Factors......Page 140
ACSM Metabolic Formula......Page 142
Examples......Page 143
FITT-VP Framework for the Development of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Apparently Healthy People......Page 145
Intensity......Page 146
Progression......Page 147
Reversibility......Page 148
Safe and Effective Exercises Designed to Enhance Cardiorespiratory Fitness......Page 149
Interval Training......Page 151
Heart Rate Reserve Method......Page 153
Peak VO2 Method......Page 154
Peak Metabolic Equivalent Method......Page 155
Perceived Exertion Method......Page 156
Abnormal Responses to Exercise......Page 157
Effect of Common Medications on Cardiorespiratory Exercise......Page 158
Signs and Symptoms of Common Musculoskeletal Injuries Associated with Cardiorespiratory Exercise......Page 159
Heat Stress......Page 161
Altitude......Page 162
Acclimatization When Exercising in a Hot, Cold, or High-Altitude Environment......Page 163
4 Muscular Strength and Muscular Endurance Assessments and Exercise Programming for Apparently Healthy Participants......Page 178
Basic Structure and Function......Page 181
Muscle Fiber Types and Recruitment......Page 182
Types of Muscle Action......Page 183
Assessment Protocols......Page 185
Assessing Muscular Strength......Page 186
Assessing Muscular Endurance......Page 188
Principle of Progression......Page 189
Principle of Regularity......Page 191
Principle of Creativity......Page 192
Principle of Enjoyment......Page 193
Principle of Specificity......Page 194
Principle of Supervision......Page 195
Program Design Considerations......Page 196
Dynamic Constant External Resistance Training......Page 197
Plyometric Training......Page 199
Modes of Resistance Training......Page 201
Safety Concerns......Page 205
Resistance Training Program Variables......Page 207
Choice of Exercise......Page 208
Order of Exercise......Page 210
Resistance Load Used......Page 211
Training Volume......Page 212
Repetition Velocity......Page 213
Periodization......Page 214
General Recommendations......Page 216
5 Flexibility Assessments and Exercise Programming for Apparently Healthy Participants......Page 227
Basic Principles of Flexibility......Page 228
Factors Affecting Flexibility......Page 229
Modes of Flexibility Training......Page 231
Static Flexibility......Page 232
Ballistic Flexibility......Page 233
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation......Page 234
Dynamic Flexibility......Page 236
Muscle and Tendon Proprioceptors......Page 237
Goniometers......Page 239
Sit-and-Reach Tests......Page 247
Flexibility Program Design......Page 248
Overall Range of Motion Recommendations......Page 266
6 Functional Movement Assessments and Exercise Programming for Apparently Healthy Participants......Page 278
Sensorimotor Control......Page 279
Proprioception......Page 280
Stability and Mobility......Page 282
Overweight and Obesity and Physical Inactivity......Page 285
Everyday Posture and Limited Variety of Movement......Page 286
Age......Page 288
What Is Neutral Position and Why Is It so Important?......Page 289
Assessment of Static Neutral Posture......Page 290
Wall Test......Page 291
Progressive Approach to Developing Postural Awareness......Page 292
Wall Plank-and-Roll......Page 293
Diaphragmatic Breathing Assessment and Corrective Methods......Page 294
Rolling Patterns: Assessment and Correction......Page 296
Addressing Alignment Issues......Page 300
Instability Training......Page 303
Self-Myofascial Release and Stretching......Page 307
Lifestyle Recommendations......Page 308
7 Body Composition and Weight Management......Page 314
Height and Weight......Page 316
Body Mass Index......Page 317
Circumference Measures......Page 319
Percentage Body Fat Methods......Page 322
Skinfold Measurements......Page 324
Bioelectrical Impedance......Page 329
Laboratory Methods For Measuring Body Composition......Page 330
Weight Loss Goals......Page 331
Energy Balance......Page 332
Weight Loss Using the FITT Principle......Page 337
Demonstrating Exercises......Page 339
Metabolic Equations......Page 340
Myth 1: Fat Turns into Muscle or Vice Versa......Page 341
Myth 3: Gaining Weight at the Start of an Exercise Program is from Increased Muscle......Page 343
Treatment of Obesity through Nutrition......Page 344
Treatment of Obesity through Other Methods......Page 347
Behavioral Strategies......Page 348
Weight Loss Supplements......Page 349
Medications......Page 350
Nutrition through the Lifespan......Page 351
Children and Older Adults......Page 352
Part III: Exercise Programming for Special Populations......Page 363
8 Exercise for Individuals with Controlled Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Metabolic Diseases......Page 364
Pathophysiology of Common Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Pulmonary Diseases......Page 365
Coronary Heart Disease......Page 366
Hypertension......Page 367
Peripheral Artery Disease......Page 368
Diabetes......Page 369
Hyperlipidemia......Page 370
Pulmonary Diseases......Page 371
Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease......Page 372
Cardiovascular......Page 373
Metabolic......Page 375
The Art and Science of Exercise Prescription and Programming in Controlled Disease Populations......Page 376
Special FITT Considerations for Persons with Chronic Diseases......Page 378
High-Intensity Interval Training......Page 379
Cardiovascular Disease......Page 380
Metabolic Disease......Page 381
Pulmonary Disease......Page 383
Myocardial Ischemia......Page 384
Hypertension......Page 385
Exercise Concerns, Precautions, and Contraindications Related to Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Pulmonary Diseases......Page 386
Metabolic......Page 390
Pulmonary......Page 394
Effect of Common Medications on Exercise with Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Pulmonary Diseases......Page 395
Over-the-Counter Drugs......Page 396
Prescription Drugs......Page 397
Teaching and Demonstrating Safe and Effective Exercises for Individuals with Controlled Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Pulmonary Diseases......Page 399
9 Exercise Programming for Individuals with Musculoskeletal Limitations......Page 418
Strains......Page 419
Sprains......Page 421
Medications for Strains and Sprains......Page 423
Exercise to Reduce Risk of Strains and Sprains......Page 424
Clinical Presentation/Assessment......Page 425
Exercise Considerations for Tendinopathies......Page 426
Clinical Presentation/Assessment......Page 427
Safe and Effective Exercise......Page 428
Examples of Safe and Effective Exercises for Overuse Injuries......Page 429
Low Back Pain......Page 431
Safe and Effective Exercise......Page 432
Chronic Conditions......Page 435
Safe and Effective Exercise......Page 436
Obesity and Osteoarthritis......Page 437
Medication Effects for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis......Page 438
Osteoporosis......Page 439
Prevalence......Page 440
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis......Page 441
Growth, Maturation, and Bone Density......Page 442
Dietary Support for Bone Health......Page 444
Medications for Bone Health......Page 445
Exercise for Bone Health......Page 446
Contraindicated Exercises......Page 449
10 Exercise Programming Across the Lifespan: Children and Adolescents, Pregnant Women, and Older Adults......Page 468
Physical and Physiological Changes......Page 470
Cardiorespiratory Function......Page 471
Muscular Strength, Flexibility, and Motor Performance......Page 472
Thermoregulation......Page 473
Exercise Programming and Specific Exercise Considerations......Page 474
Adolescents......Page 476
Pregnant Women......Page 477
Physical and Physiological Changes......Page 478
The Impact of Chronic Exercise......Page 479
Exercise Programming and Specific Exercise Considerations......Page 480
Older Adults......Page 483
Body Composition and Musculoskeletal Function......Page 484
Cardiorespiratory Function and Thermoregulation......Page 485
Exercise Programming and Specific Exercise Considerations......Page 486
Aerobic Activity......Page 487
Flexibility Activity and Neuromotor Exercises......Page 488
Thermoregulation......Page 489
Part IV: Behavior Change......Page 497
11 Theories of Behavior Change......Page 498
What Is the Difference between a Theory and a Model?......Page 499
Transtheoretical Model......Page 500
Social Cognitive Theory......Page 502
Social Ecological Model......Page 507
Health Belief Model......Page 510
Theory of Planned Behavior......Page 512
Self-Determination Theory......Page 513
Hedonic Theory......Page 520
12 Facilitating Health Behavior Change......Page 531
Understanding Client Behavior......Page 532
Facilitating Behavior Change......Page 533
Self-Monitoring Recommendations......Page 534
Physical Activity Monitors......Page 535
Goal Setting and Shaping......Page 536
Social Support......Page 537
Self-Control......Page 538
Emotional Regulation......Page 540
Communication......Page 541
Using Motivational Interviewing......Page 542
Environmental Barriers......Page 544
Exercise Environments......Page 545
Perceived Access to and Options for Physical Activity......Page 546
Outcome Expectations......Page 547
Addressing Relapse......Page 548
13 Healthy Stress Management......Page 563
Definition and Characteristics of Stress......Page 564
Appraisal of Stress......Page 566
Coping......Page 567
Emotion-Focused Coping......Page 568
The Response to Stress......Page 570
General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 571
The Effects of Stress on Health......Page 573
Digestive Issues......Page 574
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases and the Role of Cortisol......Page 575
Immune Suppression, Cancer, and Multiple Sclerosis......Page 576
Psychological Distress, Depression, and Burnout......Page 577
Exercise: Breaking the Link between Stress and Health Problems......Page 578
Exercise......Page 579
Enhancing Social Support......Page 583
Improving Personal Control and Self-Efficacy......Page 585
Diaphragmatic Breathing and Body Scans......Page 586
Biofeedback......Page 587
Meditation and Prayer......Page 588
Yoga and Martial Arts......Page 589
Referring a Client or Patient to a Psychologist (Reviewed by Lydia R. Malcolm, PhD, University of Miami)......Page 590
Part V: Business......Page 607
14 Legal Structure and Terminology......Page 608
The Law and Legal System......Page 609
Primary Sources of Law......Page 610
Tort Law......Page 612
Negligence......Page 613
Insurance Coverage......Page 616
Sexual Harassment......Page 617
OSHA Guidelines......Page 618
HIPAA Guidelines and Recommendations......Page 620
Client Rights......Page 621
Client Responsibilities......Page 622
Employer and Employee Rights and Responsibilities......Page 623
Hiring and Prehiring Statutes......Page 625
Facility Policies and Procedures......Page 629
15 Leadership and Management......Page 637
Defining Leadership and Management......Page 638
Operational Definitions......Page 639
Evidence-Based Management......Page 641
Leadership: Past, Present, and Future......Page 642
Organic Model......Page 643
Leadership Theory and Model......Page 644
Situational Leadership Theory......Page 645
Transformational and Transactional Leadership......Page 646
Lewin’s Leadership Styles......Page 647
Leader–Member Exchange Theory......Page 648
Emotional Intelligence......Page 649
Contextual Intelligence and Three Dimensional Thinking......Page 650
Management Techniques......Page 652
Management Grid (Blake and Mouton)......Page 653
Bureaucratic Model of Management (Max Weber)......Page 654
Total Quality Management (W. Edwards Deming)......Page 655
Motivator-Hygiene Theory (Fredrick Herzberg)......Page 656
Theory X and Y (Douglas McGregor)......Page 657
Organizational Behavior......Page 658
Strategic Planning......Page 660
16 General Health Fitness Management......Page 669
Staffing and Recruiting......Page 670
Employee Versus Independent Contractor......Page 671
Exempt Versus Nonexempt......Page 672
Job Descriptions......Page 673
Recruiting Strategies......Page 675
Selection Process......Page 676
Interview Process......Page 677
Employee Orientation, Development, and Training......Page 678
Setting Goals......Page 680
Performance Appraisals......Page 681
Section Summary......Page 682
Standards and Guidelines for Risk Management and Emergency Procedures......Page 683
Facility Management and Operations......Page 685
Equipment......Page 686
Fiscal Management......Page 687
Basic Accounting Terminology and Principles......Page 688
Balance Sheet......Page 689
Profit and Loss Statement......Page 691
Budgeting......Page 692
Creating a Budget......Page 693
Income Management......Page 694
Section Summary......Page 695
17 Marketing......Page 702
People......Page 703
Product......Page 706
Place......Page 707
Price......Page 710
Promotion......Page 712
Advertising......Page 713
Direct Mail/E-mail......Page 714
Business to Business......Page 715
Personal Sales......Page 716
Finding Leads......Page 717
The Art of the Deal......Page 718
Public Relations......Page 719
18 Professional Behaviors and Ethics......Page 726
History......Page 728
Accreditation......Page 729
Committee on the Certification and Registry Board......Page 732
Scope of Practice......Page 734
Scenario 1......Page 737
Scenario 2......Page 739
Scenario 3......Page 740
Conflict of Interest......Page 741
Providing Evidence-Based Information......Page 742
Academic Preparation......Page 743
Step 4: Incorporate Evidence into Practice......Page 744
Maintaining Certification......Page 746
Ways to Earn Continuing Education Credits......Page 749
Personal Characteristics......Page 751
Appendix A Editors from the Previous Edition of ACSM’s Resources for the Exercise Physiologist, Certified......Page 760
Appendix B Contributors from the Previous Edition of ACSM’s Resources for the Exercise Physiologist, Certified......Page 762
Index......Page 767