Acquiring Counseling Skills: Integrating Theory, Multiculturalism, and Self-Awareness

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 13
Preface......Page 8
Chapter 1 Counseling Skills and You......Page 22
  The Relationship Between Your Behavior and How Others Respond to You......Page 23
  The Impact of Life Experiences......Page 24
  The Role of Religion and Spirituality......Page 25
  Awareness of Cognitive Frames......Page 26
  High and Low Self-Monitors......Page 27
 Participating in Personal Counseling......Page 28
  Resistance to Change......Page 29
 The Role of Theory in Counseling......Page 30
  Common Cultural Frames versus Stereotypes......Page 31
 Ethical Standards......Page 32
 Beginning Assignment......Page 36
Chapter 2 Multiculturalism and Diversity in Counseling......Page 37
  Culture......Page 39
  Diversity......Page 40
  Ethnocentrism......Page 41
  Immigration Policy in the United States......Page 42
  Multiculturalism in the Professions of Counseling and Psychology......Page 43
  Berry’s Ecocultural Framework......Page 45
  Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model......Page 46
 Sue and Sue’s Model of Multiculturalism......Page 47
 Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Differences......Page 48
  How Hofstede’s Model Developed......Page 49
  Implications of the Multicultural Material for Counseling Students......Page 57
 Chapter Summary......Page 59
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 60
Chapter 3 The Microskills Model......Page 61
 Historical Context......Page 62
  Interpersonal Process Recall......Page 63
 The Microskills Model......Page 64
  Advantages of the Microskills Model......Page 65
  Limitations of the Microskills Model......Page 67
  Client-Counselor Relationship......Page 68
  Therapeutic Technique......Page 69
 Chapter Summary......Page 70
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 71
Chapter 4 Attending Behaviors......Page 72
 Components of Attending......Page 73
  Eye Contact......Page 74
  Open Posture......Page 76
  Leaning In......Page 77
  Room Arrangement......Page 78
  Lighting......Page 80
  Verbal Behavior (Following the Client’s Lead)......Page 81
 Multicultural Aspects of Attending......Page 83
  Humanistic......Page 84
  Cognitive-Behavioral......Page 85
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 87
Chapter 5 Client Observation......Page 89
 Four Observable Elements of Client Behavior......Page 90
  Nonverbal Behavior......Page 91
  Paraverbal Behavior......Page 92
  Verbal Behavior......Page 93
  Congruence Among Nonverbal, Paraverbal, and Verbal Behaviors......Page 96
  Silence......Page 97
  Multicultural Aspects of Client Observation......Page 98
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 101
Chapter 6 Silence, Minimal Encouragers, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing......Page 102
 Silence......Page 103
  Silence in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 105
 Minimal Encouragers......Page 106
  Intentional Withholding of Minimal Encouragers......Page 107
  Restatement......Page 108
 Paraphrasing......Page 109
  Multicultural Aspects of Paraphrasing......Page 112
  Paraphrasing in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 114
 Summarizing......Page 115
  Enumerating Possible Topics......Page 116
  Beginning and Ending Sessions with Summaries......Page 117
 Chapter Summary......Page 118
 Case Studies for Discussion......Page 119
 Appropriate Use of Questions......Page 122
  Open and Closed Questions......Page 123
  Mechanical Aspects of Questioning......Page 124
  Dialogue Examples of How to Achieve Specific Purposes......Page 127
  Client Resistance......Page 131
  Cultural Considerations in Questioning......Page 132
  Questioning in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 133
 Case Studies for Discussion......Page 135
Chapter 8 Feeling Reflection......Page 139
 Mechanical Aspects of Feeling Reflection......Page 141
  Feeling Reflection Mechanics......Page 142
  Accurate Feeling Reflection......Page 145
  Relativistic Model of Emotion......Page 147
  Ekman’s Neurocultural Theory of Emotion......Page 148
  The Integration of Emotion Theory and Empathy......Page 149
  Fear of Loss of Control......Page 150
  Complexity or Intensity of Ambivalent Feelings......Page 151
  Say, “You Shouldn’t Feel That Way”......Page 152
  Ask, “What Did _____ Feel?”......Page 153
  Repeatedly Ask, “How Did That Feel?”......Page 154
  Gender Roles......Page 155
  Developmental......Page 156
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 157
 Case Studies for Discussion......Page 158
Chapter 9 Reflection of Meaning......Page 161
 Aspects of Individual Difference in Meaning Making......Page 162
  Spirituality......Page 163
  Level of Cognitive Functioning......Page 164
  Trauma......Page 165
  Masculinity/Femininity......Page 168
  Affiliation......Page 170
  Uncertainty Avoidance......Page 171
 Reflecting Meaning in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 172
  Humanistic......Page 173
  Developmental......Page 174
  Cognitive-Behavioral......Page 176
 Chapter Summary......Page 179
 Case Studies for Discussion......Page 180
 Skill Definition: What, Why, and How......Page 183
 Why Counselors Use Confrontation......Page 184
 How to Effectively Confront a Client......Page 185
  Timing......Page 186
  Carrying Out the Confrontation......Page 189
 Immediacy......Page 193
  Gender Roles......Page 196
  Humanistic......Page 197
 Chapter Summary......Page 198
 Case Studies for Discussion......Page 199
 Introduction......Page 202
  The Relationship Between Theory and Microskills......Page 203
 Developmental Models......Page 204
  Adlerian Theory......Page 206
  Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory......Page 208
  Attachment Theory......Page 209
  Client-Centered Counseling......Page 211
  Existentialism......Page 214
  Gestalt......Page 215
 Cognitive-Behavioral Models......Page 217
  Behavior Theory......Page 218
  Cognitive Theory......Page 219
  Cognitive-Behavioral Theory......Page 220
 Interplay of Multicultural Issues and Theories......Page 222
 Current Trends in Theory Development......Page 223
 Chapter Summary......Page 224
 Case Studies for Discussion......Page 225
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 226
 Counseling Process and Counseling Outcome......Page 227
  Typical Stage of the Counseling Process......Page 228
  Process Across the Course of Counseling......Page 231
  Situational Factors That Influence Process......Page 235
 Self-Disclosure......Page 240
  Multicultural Considerations in Self-Disclosure......Page 242
 Chapter Summary......Page 243
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 244
Chapter 13 Intake Interviews and Initial Assessment......Page 245
 Assessment......Page 246
  Organic or Medical Conditions......Page 247
  Personality Style and Typicality......Page 250
  Subjective Distress......Page 251
  Impairment in Daily Functioning......Page 252
 Intake Interviews......Page 253
 Assessment of Suicide Risk......Page 254
 Assessment of Violence Risk......Page 256
 Diagnosis......Page 258
  DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Diagnosis......Page 259
  The Sociopolitical Nature of Diagnosis......Page 260
 Errors in Clinical Judgment......Page 261
 Chapter Summary......Page 263
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 264
Chapter 14 Empirically Supported Techniques and Common Psychotherapeutic Factors......Page 265
  Historical Antecedents of the EST Movement......Page 266
  Strengths of the EST Approach to Treating Clients......Page 268
  Criticisms of the EST Approach......Page 269
  Saul Rozenzweig......Page 271
  Hans Strupp......Page 272
  Strengths of the Common Factors Approach......Page 275
  Summary of ESTs and Common Factors......Page 276
  Systematic Treatment Selection......Page 277
  The Readiness for Change Model......Page 278
 Recommendations for New Counselors......Page 281
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 282
Chapter 15 Integrated Case Conceptualization......Page 283
  Individual Assessment/Intake Information......Page 284
  Carole’s Value Preferences (Hofstede’s Cultural Axes)......Page 286
  Carole’s Spheres of Influence in the Ecological Model......Page 287
  Carole’s Treatment Plan......Page 288
  Potential Impediments to Successful Counseling......Page 290
  Individual Assessment/Intake Information......Page 291
  Derek’s Family’s Value Preferences (Hofstede’s Cultural Axes)......Page 293
 Diagnostic Impression and Readiness for Change......Page 294
 Treatment Plan......Page 295
  Derek’s Treatment Plan......Page 296
  Potential Impediments to Successful Counseling......Page 297
 Chapter Summary......Page 298
 Questions for Class Discussion......Page 299
 The Self-Awareness Strand......Page 300
 Professionalism......Page 301
  Boundaries......Page 302
  Impairment and Self-Care......Page 303
  Developing and Implementing a Self-Care Plan......Page 308
 Culminating Activity......Page 313
Appendix: ACA Code of Ethics......Page 314
Reference List......Page 334
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 M......Page 349
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