Acidification in Finland

Front Matter....Pages I-XVIII
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Emission Scenarios for Finland....Pages 3-19
NO x Emissions at the Beginning of the 1980s in Finland....Pages 21-30
Ammonia Emissions in the 1980s....Pages 31-39
On the Effects of Meteorological Factors on Air Pollution Concentrations and Deposition in Finland....Pages 43-94
Simulating The Formation of Acid Aerosols....Pages 95-110
Characteristics of Alkaline Emissions, Atmospheric Aerosols and Deposition....Pages 111-134
Characteristics of Sulphur Dioxide Monitors: Intercomparison....Pages 135-147
Bulk Deposition Chemistry in Finland....Pages 151-165
Model Calculations of Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition in Finland....Pages 167-197
Deposition on Forest Soils — Effect of Tree Canopy on Throughfall....Pages 199-213
Front Matter....Pages 215-215
Chemical Characteristics of Finnish Agricultural Soils in 1974 and in 1987....Pages 217-234
A Survey of Forest Soil Properties Related to Soil Acidification in Southern Finland....Pages 235-251
Regional Acidification Model for Forest Soils....Pages 253-269
Buffering Capacity of Finnish Soils and its Dependence on Geological Factors in Relation to the Acidification Sensitivity of Lakes....Pages 271-286
Effects of Acid Deposition on Exchangeable Cations, Acidity and Aluminium Solubility in Forest Soils and Soil Solution....Pages 287-304
Buffering of Peat and Peaty Soils: Evaluation Based on the Artificial Acidification of Peat Lysimeters....Pages 305-324
Effects of Nitrogen Inputs on Forest Ecosystems Estimation Based on Long-Term Fertilization Experiments....Pages 325-347
Microbiological and Chemical Properties of the Forest Humus Layer at Four Sites in Southern Finland....Pages 351-372
Soil Biological Parameters as Indicators of Changes in Scots Pine Forests ( Pinus sylvestris L.) Caused by Air Pollution....Pages 373-393
Epiphytic Lichens on Conifers in the 1960’s to 1980’s in Finland....Pages 397-420
Front Matter....Pages 215-215
A Survey of Element Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes in Finland in 1985–86....Pages 421-446
Air Pollution Levels and Abundance of Forest Insects....Pages 447-467
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on the Susceptibility to Scleroderris Canker [ Ascocalyx Abietina (Lagerb.) Schläpher-Bernhard] and on Assimilation and Transpiration of Scots Pine Seedlings....Pages 469-475
Ecological Effects of Simulated Acid Rain in a Subarctic Area with Low Ambient Sulphur Deposition....Pages 477-493
Influence of Acidification on Metal Uptake in Plants....Pages 495-503
Detecting Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Changes — a Review of Finnish Studies....Pages 507-522
The Vitality of Conifers in Finland, 1986–88....Pages 523-560
The Occurrence of Abiotic and Biotic Damage and its Relation to Defoliation (Needle Loss) of Conifers in Finland (1985–1988)....Pages 561-582
An Approach to Analyse the Dynamics of Environmental Change and its Effects on Forest Growth....Pages 583-605
Wintering Response of Conifers to Acid Rain Treatment Under Northern Conditions....Pages 607-633
Effects of High Nitrogen Deposition on Forests: Case Studies Close to Fur Animal Farms....Pages 635-668
Causes of Conifer Injuries in Some Industrial Environments....Pages 669-690
Needle Retention, Age, Shedding and Budget, and Growth of Scots Pine Between 1865 and 1988....Pages 691-697
The Foliar Chemical Composition of Young Pines ( Pinus sylvestris L.) with or without Decline....Pages 699-713
The Effects of Soluble Inorganic Aluminium and Nutrient Imbalances on Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies Seedlings....Pages 715-733
Effects of SO 2 on Construction Materials: Preliminary Results....Pages 737-756
Front Matter....Pages 757-757
Statistical Lake Survey in Finland: Regional Estimates of Lake Acidification....Pages 759-780
Modelling Long-Term Development of Surface Water Acidification in Finland....Pages 781-810
Ion Budgets of Small Forested Basins....Pages 811-823
Hydrological Characteristics Affecting the Runoff Water Acidity....Pages 825-847
Front Matter....Pages 757-757
Organic Acidity in Finnish Lakes....Pages 849-863
Effects of Air Pollutants on Chemical Characteristics of Soil Water and Groundwater....Pages 865-881
Trace Metals in Finnish Headwater Lakes — Effects of Acidification and Airborne Load....Pages 883-908
Acid-Induced Changes in Fish Populations of Small Finnish Lakes....Pages 911-927
Respiratory Effects of Environmental Acidification in Perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) and Rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri )....Pages 929-940
Long-Term Exposure of Adult Whitefish ( Coregonus wartmanni ) to Low pH/Aluminium: Effects on Reproduction, Growth, Blood Composition and Gills....Pages 941-961
Macrophytes in Finnish Forest Lakes and Possible Effects of Airborne Acidification....Pages 963-972
Phytoplankton and Acidification in Small Forest Lakes in Finland....Pages 973-983
Periphytic Diatoms in the Acidification Project Lakes....Pages 985-994
Surface Sediment Diatom Assemblages and Lake Acidity....Pages 995-1008
Crustacean Zooplankton of Finnish Forest Lakes in Relation to Acidity and Other Environmental Factors....Pages 1009-1027
Benthic Invertebrates in Relation to Acidity in Finnish Forest Lakes....Pages 1029-1049
Estimation of Acidity in Streams by Means of Benthic Invertebrates: Evaluation of Two Methods....Pages 1051-1070
Palaeoecological Evaluation of the Recent Acidification of Susceptible Lakes in Finland....Pages 1071-1090
Front Matter....Pages 1091-1091
Alleviation of Forest Soil Acidification Through Liming....Pages 1093-1115
Neutralization of Acidified Watercourses....Pages 1117-1125
Liming of the Acidic Lake Valkealampi in Eastern Finland: Effects on Water Chemistry and Phytoplankton....Pages 1127-1143
Effects of Liming on the Chemistry and Biology of a Small Acid Humic Lake....Pages 1145-1167
Front Matter....Pages 1169-1169
Development of an Integrated Model for the Assessment of Acidification in Finland....Pages 1171-1193
Evaluation of Finnish Sulphur Reduction Strategies for the Year 1995....Pages 1195-1208
Front Matter....Pages 1169-1169
Amount, Quality and Utilization of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Wastes in Finland....Pages 1209-1215
Economic Impacts of Western European Air Pollution on the Finnish Forest Sector....Pages 1217-1237