Acid deposition : long-term trends

Acid Deposition
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1 Summary And Synthesis
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
METHODS
MECHANISMS
Mechanisms Of Linkage Among Atmospheric Processes
Emissions
Visibility
Deposition
Mechanisms Of Linkage Between Acid Deposition And Surface Water Chemistry
Mechanisms Of Linkage Between Acid Deposition And Lake Sediments
Sediment Chemistry
Diatoms And Chrysophytes In Sediments And Ph Of Lake Water
Mechanisms Of Linkage Between Acid Deposition And Biologic Effects
Forests
Fish Populations Relationships Among MechanismsComplicating Factors
SPATIAL PATTERNS AND TEMPORAL TRENDS
Regions
Spatial Patterns
Temporal Trends
The Record Since Industrialization (about 1880)
The Half-Century Record
The Record Since 1950
REFERENCES
2 Emissions Of Sulfur Dioxide And Nitrogen Oxides And Trends For Eastern North America
INTRODUCTION
Examples of the Flow Rates of Sulfur and Nitrogen from Natural Processes and from Human Activities
Pollutant Flow Diagram
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF FUELS AND METALS Energy Demand Of The United StatesCoal
Reserves and Production
Sulfur Content
Uncertainty of Sulfur Mobilization
Surface Transfer Matrix
Coal Consumption
Oil Products
Natural Gas
Copper And Zinc Smelting
SULFUR EMISSION TRENDS
REGIONAL TRENDS IN EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES
COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TREND ESTIMATES
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Uncertainties In Trends In Acid Deposition: The Role Of Climatic Fluctuations
INTRODUCTION
CYCLONE TRACKS PRECIPITATION AND DROUGHTAIR STAGNATION EPISODES
TEMPERATURE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
4 Patterns And Trends In Data For Atmospheric Sulfates And Visibility
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION OF DATA BASES
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
HISTORICAL TRENDS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5 Precipitation Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
The Role Of Precipitation Composition In This Study
Wet And Dry Deposition
Constituents Of Interest
Variability In Acid Deposition: The Role Of Meteorology
DATA EVALUATION Comparing Three-Month Regional Bulk Data Concurrently With Wet-Only DataComparing Bulk And Wet-Only Data At Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire
Comparing U.S. Geological Survey Bulk Data With National Acid Deposition Program Wet-Only Data
Comparing Two Wet-Only Networks At Three Sites
Concluding Remarks
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Current Concentration And Deposition Patterns
Comparing Global Background And Eastern North American Precipitation Composition
TIME-TREND INFORMATION
Data Available
Pre-1955 Data
Trends From Mid-1950s To Present