Acid Deposition : Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North America

Acid Deposition
 Copyright
 Preface
 Contents
 Summary
 STATUS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
 Data
 Meteorological Processes
 Models
 ISSUES
 Applicability of Models To Decisions On Control Strategy
 Nonlinearity
 Influences of Local and Distant Sources
 IMPLICATIONS FOR EMISSION-CONTROL STRATEGIES
 RESEARCH NEEDS
 1 Introduction
 DEPOSITION ACIDITY
 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
 Physical and Chemical States of Deposited Materials
 Reversibility and Irreversibility
 OTHER RELATED REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION PHENOMENA
 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
 NOTES
 REFERENCES
 2 Atmospheric Processes. TRANSPORT AND MIXINGCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
 Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions
 Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Reactions
 Relative Roles of Gaseous- and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry
 DEPOSITION
 Dry Deposition
 Wet Deposition
 Attachment Processes
 REFERENCES
 3 Theoretical Models of Regional Air Quality
 MATERIAL BALANCE
 DETERMINISTIC MODELS
 Treatment of Transport and Mixing
 Treatment of Transformation Chemistry
 Treatment of Dry and Wet Deposition
 Linearity or Nonlinearity in Theoretical Models
 Physical Processes
 Chemical Processes
 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES. 4 Empirical Observations and Source-Receptor RelationshipsAEROMETRIC DATA AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AEROMETRIC PARAMETERS
 THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
 Classification of Meteorological Conditions
 Air-Mass Trajectories
 STATISTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
 Regression on Principal Components
 Empirical Orthogonal-Function Analysis
 Elemental-Tracer Analysis
 ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL TRENDS
 ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE BEHAVIOR OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN EMISSIONS
 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
 Nonlinearity
 Influence of Local and Distant Sources
 REFERENCES
 5 Research Needs. FIELD STUDIESCloud Processes
 Studies of Chemical Mechanisms
 Dry Deposition
 Tracers
 Meteorological Studies
 LABORATORY STUDIES
 DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL MODELS
 Appendix A The Chemistry of Acid Formation
 GAS-PHASE REACTIONS LEADING TO GENERATION OF ACID IN THE TROPOSPHERE
 Oxidation By Stable Atmospheric Molecules
 Reactive Transient Species in the Troposphere
 Atmospheric Oxidation of SO2 by Reactive Transient Species
 Atmospheric Oxidation of NO2 by Reactive Transient Species
 Theoretical Rates of SO2 and NO2 Conversion To H2SO4 and HONO2 Through Gas-Phase Reactions in the Troposphere. THE SOLUTION-PHASE OXIDATION OF SO2 IN THE TROPOSPHEREAqueous-Phase Oxidation of SO2
 Comparison of Reaction Pathways For Solution-Phase Oxidation of SO2
 Solution-Phase Generation of Nitric and Nitrous Acids in the Troposphere
 SUMMARY
 REFERENCES
 Appendix B Transport and Dispersion Processes
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
 LOCAL AND MESOSCALE TRANSPORT
 SYNOPTIC-OR CONTINENTAL-SCALE TRANSPORT
 HEMISPHERIC OR GLOBAL TRANSPORT
 CONCLUSIONS
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 REFERENCES
 Appendix C Atmospheric Deposition Processes
 1. INTRODUCTION
 2. DRY-DEPOSITION PROCESSES.