Achieving Sustainable Production of Milk Volume 3: Dairy Herd Management and Welfare

Contents
	Series list
	Preface
	References
	Introduction
	Part 1 Welfare of dairy cattle
	Part 2 Nutrition of dairy cattle
	Part 3 Health of dairy cattle
Part 1  Welfare of dairy cattle
	Chapter 01 Understanding the behaviour of dairy cattle
	1 Introduction
	2 Studying the preferences of cattle: an overview
	3 Cattle perception
	4 Social, nutritional and reproductive behaviour
	5 Locomotion and resting
	6 Behaviour during transport and slaughter
	7 Conclusions
	8 Future trends
	9 Where to look for further information
	10 References
	Chapter 02 Key issues in the welfare of dairy cattle
		1 Introduction: an overview of interest in and determinants of animal welfare in dairy farming
		2 Husbandry practices in dairy farming: housing, handling and farming procedures
		3 Husbandry practices in dairy farming: health, productivity and breeding
		4 Applying different perspectives on animal welfare to the case of dairy farming
		5 Recommendations for improving animal welfare in dairy farming in the light of expected future developments
	6 Summary
	7 Where to look for further information
	8 Acknowledgements
	9 References
	Chapter 03 Housing and the welfare of dairy cattle
		1  Introduction
	2 Types of housing system
	3 Stall design
	4 Flooring and locomotion
		5 Social competition, social dominance and overstocking
		6 Group versus individual housing for un-weaned calves: effects on health, locomotion and rest
		7 Group versus individual housing for un-weaned calves: behaviour and weight gain
		8 Reflections on housing un-weaned calves individually, in groups and with cows
	9 Conclusions
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
	Chapter 04 Genetic selection for dairy cow welfare and resilience to climate change
	1 Introduction
	2 Selection indices
		3 Selection for milk production, energy balance and fertility
	4 New breeding objectives: health traits
		5 New breeding objectives: dairy cows and climate change
	6 Genomic selection, inbreeding and gene editing
	7 Summary
	8 Where to look for further information
	9 Acknowledgements
	10 References
	Chapter 05 Ensuring the welfare of culled dairy cows during transport and slaughter
	1 Introduction
	2 Legislation and codes of practice
		3 Pre-transport conditions that influence the welfareof cows during transport
	4 Welfare of culled cows during transport
	5 The effects of livestock markets on cow welfare
	6 Welfare of cows at the slaughter plant
	7 Conclusions
	8 Where to look for further information
	9 References
	Chapter 06 Ensuring the health and welfare of dairy calves and heifers
	1 Introduction
	2 Newborn calf vitality
	3 Colostrum management
	4 Health management
	5 Housing considerations
	6 Feeding management
	7 Managing weaned calves
	8 Summary
	9 Where to look for further information
	10 References
Part 2  Nutrition of dairy cattle
	Chapter 07 The rumen microbiota and its role in dairy cow production and health
	1 Introduction
	2 Diversity and function of rumen microbiota
	3 Factors influencing composition of rumen microbiota
		4 Current trends and innovations in studying the rumen microbiome: ‘omics’ approaches
		5 Current trends and innovations in studying the rumen microbiota: linkage with host phenotypes
	6 Altering rumen function by manipulating microbiota
	7 Knowledge gaps and future directions
	8 Conclusions
	9 Where to look for further information
	10 References
	Chapter 08 Biochemical and physiological determinants of feed efficiency in dairy cattle
		1  Introduction
		2 The physiological and biochemical makeup of a dairy animal
	3 Development of the research field: a brief overview
		4 A case study on the biochemical determinants of feed efficiency
	5 Mechanisms and effects of simple genetic variation
	6 Summary and conclusions
	7 Future trends in research
	8 Where to look for further information
	9 References
	Chapter 09 Feed evaluation and formulation to maximise nutritional efficiency in dairy cattle
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation of feed energy value
		3 Alternative methods to predict digestibility and energy value
	4 Discounts of digestibility and associative effects
		5 Conversion of digestible nutrients to metabolisable energy and net energy concentration
	6 Evaluation of feed protein value
	7 Estimation of microbial protein
	8 Determination of rumen undegraded protein (RUP)
	9 Evaluation of feed protein systems
	10 Summary and future perspectives
	11 Where to look for further information
	12 References
	Chapter 10  Sustainable nutrition management of dairy cattle in intensive systems
		1 Introduction
	2 Phosphorus issues 
	3 Nitrogen issues
		4 Carbon: a case study of enteric methane emissions and nutritional management in the intensive dairy production systems of California and Wisconsin
	5 Conclusions
	6 References
	Chapter 11 Nutrition management of grazing dairy cows in temperate environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic factors affecting grazing system design
	3 Using supplementary feed to manage pasture
	4 Nutrition of grazing dairy cows: pasture as a feed
	5 Choosing the right supplementary feed
	6 Choosing the right genetics for a grazing system
	7 Supplement effects on milk production
	8 Practical nutrition management on the farm
	9 Conclusions and implications
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
	Chapter 12 The use and abuse of cereals, legumes and crop residues in rations for dairy cattle
	1 Introduction
		2 Current and future levels of animal sourced food (ASF) production
		3 Dairy ration compositions and current and projected feed demand and supply
	4 Context specificity of feed demand and supply
	5 Ration composition and ceilings to milk productivity
		6 Optimizing the feed–animal interface: ration balancing in intensive and extensive dairy systems
	7 Summary
	8 Where to look for further information
	9 References
	Chapter 13 Feed supplements for dairy cattle
	1 Introduction
	2 Dietary buffers to control rumen acidity
	3 Antibiotics for improved production
	4 Fat supplementation
		5 Immunological control of the rumen microbial population
		6 Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation, boost production and decrease emissions
		7 Direct-fed microbials, probiotics and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes
		8 Other supplements to control GHG emissions
	9 Conclusion
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
Part 3  Health of dairy cattle
	Chapter 14  Disorder of digestion and metabolism in dairy cattle: the case of subacute rumen acidosis
		1  Introduction
		2 Prevalence, aetiology and biological consequences of ruminal acidosis
	3 Regulation of ruminal pH
	4 The dogma of ruminal acidosis
		5 Case study: SARA risk in the post-partum phase of the transition period
		6 Other examples of SARA risk induced by low feed intake
	7 Conclusion and future trends
	8 Where to look for further information
	9 References
	Chapter 15  Management of dairy cows in transition and at calving
	1 Introduction
		2 Problems with using disease events to monitor herd transition management
		3 Alternative data sources for monitoring herd transition management
		4 Introduction to management factors that influence transition outcomes
	5 Cow-level factors
	6 Housing and environmental factors
		7 Factors related to the decisions and actions of human caretakers
		8 Case study: use of the transition cow risk assessment instrument 
	9 Summary and future trends
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
	Chapter 16 Causes, prevention and management of infertility in dairy cows
	1 Introduction
	2 Bovine parturition and uterine health
		3 Bovine post-partum metabolic environment and ovarian activity
	4 Oestrus in dairy cows
	5 Establishing pregnancy in dairy cows
	6 Heat stress and bovine fertility
	7 Heifer fertility
	8 Genetics and bovine fertility
	9 Future trends and conclusion
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
	Chapter 17  Aetiology, diagnosis and control of mastitis in dairy herds
	1 Introduction
	2 Indicators of mastitis: somatic cell count
	3 Indicators of mastitis: non-cell inflammation markers
	4 Contagious pathogens causing mastitis
	5 Environmental pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and environmental streptococci
		6 Other pathogens: Prototheca, coagulase-negative staphylococci and other microorganisms
	7 Management and control of mastitis
	8 Dry cow therapy
	9 The use of antibiotics
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
	Chapter 18  Preventing and managing lameness in dairy cows
	1 Introduction
		2 Lameness in dairy cows: associated pain, prevalence and incidence
		3 Recording causes and ensuring prompt and effective treatment
		4 Lesion aetiology and categories of risk for the four main causes of lameness in dairy cows
	5 Risk assessments and cost-effective interventions
		6 Conclusions: how assessment, evaluation and facilitation is driving improvement
	7 Where to look for further information
	8 References
	Chapter 19 Control of infectious diseases in dairy cattle
	1 Introduction
	2 The impact of infectious diseases
	3 Principles of risk analysis and management
	4 Hazard and risk identification
	5 Risk assessment and evaluation
	6 Risk management
	7 Risk communication
	8 Ensuring effective implementation
	9 Trends in infectious disease control strategies
	10 Conclusion
	11 Where to look for further information
	12 Abbreviations
	13 References
	Chapter 20 Prevention and control of parasitic helminths in dairy cattle: key issues and challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Helminth threats to grazing dairy cattle
	3 Anthelmintic resistance
		4 Progress in the development of evidence-based control programmes to reduce selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance
		5 The development of robust diagnostics to support evidence-based control
	6 Vaccine development
		7 Future trends in research: contributions to enhanced and sustainable production
	8 Concluding remarks
	9 Where to look for further information
	10 References
	Chapter 21 Genetic variation in immunity and disease resistance in dairy cows and other livestock
	1 Introduction
	2 Genetic variation in resistance to disease
		3 The sources of genetic variation in resistance to disease
		4 Strategies for breeding to increase resistance to disease
	5 Case study 1: resistance to cattle tick infestation
	6 Case study 2: mastitis in cattle
		7 Case study 3: bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex
		8 Case study 4: additive and non-additive genetic variation
	9 Conclusions
	10 Where to look for further information
	11 References
	Chapter 22  Responsible and sustainable use of medicines in dairy herd health
		1  Introduction
	2 Antimicrobial resistance
	3 Inappropriate behaviours and practices
	4 Making progress towards change
	5 Delivering results
	6 Future trends and conclusion
	7 Where to look for further information
	8 Acknowledgements
	9 References
	Chapter 23 Dairy herd health management: an overview
	1 Introduction
	2 The development of dairy herd health management (HHM)
	3 Motivation for implementing HHM
	4 Measuring: data for HHM
		5 Monitoring: approaches to monitoring in HHM
		6 Managing: delivering progress in HHM through planning, training and support for schemes
	7 The potential benefits of HHM
	8 Conclusions
	9 Where to look for further information
	10 References
Index