Achieving Peace or Protecting Human Rights? Conflicts between Norms Regarding Ethnic Discrimination in the Dayton Peace Agreement (The Raoul Wallenberg ... Institute Human Rights Library, V. 23)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 5
1. The Dilemma: Conflicts Between Human Rights Protection and Political  Goals in Peace Settlements......Page 13
2.1. The Scope and Status of the Prohibition Against the Use of Force......Page 17
2.2. Human Rights in the UN Charter......Page 20
2.3. Human Rights in Emergencies and War......Page 22
3. The Dayton Peace Agreement and the Prohibition Against Ethnic Discrimination......Page 23
3.1. Background......Page 24
3.2. The General Framework Agreement (GFA)......Page 25
3.4. Constitutional Discrimination in the Dayton Peace Agreement?......Page 26
3.5. Contradictory Rules within the Dayton Peace Agreement?......Page 27
3.6. Can Non-compliance with Human Rights be Justified?......Page 28
4. The Structure and Content of the Book: An Overview......Page 29
4.1. Author's Background......Page 31
1.1. Traditional Sources and Methods of International Law......Page 33
1.2. A Contemporary Approach to Sources of International Law......Page 36
1.3. The Sources and Methods Used Here......Page 37
1.4. Subjects of International Law......Page 40
1.5. Positivism and Natural Law......Page 41
1.6. A Legal Positivist Approach......Page 42
2. Historic Context......Page 47
3.1. The Legitimate Means to Prevent or Terminate the Use of Force......Page 50
4.1. The International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (ICFY)......Page 54
4.2. The UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR)......Page 55
4.3. Arms Embargo......Page 57
4.5. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)......Page 58
4.6. The Security Council and the Dayton Peace Agreement......Page 59
5.1. The Carrington Conference......Page 62
5.3. The International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia......Page 63
5.3.2. The Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan......Page 64
5.5. The Washington Agreement......Page 65
5.6. The Contact Group for the Former Yugoslavia......Page 66
5.8. The Agreed Basic Principles......Page 67
6. The Dayton Setting......Page 69
6.1. The Lack of a Role for the UN......Page 70
8. Concluding Comments......Page 71
2.2. The Content......Page 73
2.3.1. Parties to the Annexes......Page 74
3. The Status of the Dayton Peace Agreement......Page 75
4. Overview of the BH Constitution......Page 78
4.1. Legal Continuity of the State......Page 79
4.2. Two Entities......Page 80
4.3. The Citizenship Issues......Page 81
4.4. Human Rights and Refugees......Page 82
4.5. Distribution of Governmental Powers......Page 84
4.6. Entity Responsibility......Page 85
4.7. The Parliamentary Assembly......Page 86
4.8. The Presidency......Page 88
4.8.1. The "Dayton Mistake"......Page 90
4.10. The Constitutional Court......Page 95
4.11. The Relationship to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)......Page 97
4.13. Entry into Force......Page 98
5.1. The Office of the Human Rights Ombudsman......Page 99
5.2. The Human Rights Chamber......Page 100
6. Concluding Comments......Page 102
2. Human Rights in Previous Peace Proposals......Page 105
3. Structure of the Human Rights Protection in the Dayton Peace Agreement......Page 106
3.1. Article II of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 107
3.2. Agreement on Human Rights......Page 109
4. Article II (2): Direct Application and Priority of the ECHR and Protocols......Page 110
4.1. Interpretation of the Term "All Other Law"......Page 111
4.2. The Relationship between ECHR and Potentially "Higher Standards" in  Other Instruments......Page 112
4.3. Which Protocols are Covered?......Page 113
4.4. Non-discrimination Protection in the ECHR......Page 114
4.5. Discrimination in the Exercise of Political Rights under the ECHR and Article 3 of Protocol 1......Page 115
5. Article II (4): Non-discrimination in other Instruments......Page 116
5.1. Non-discrimination in the Human Rights Agreement......Page 119
5.2.2. General Non-discrimination Clause......Page 122
5.2.3. Political Rights in the ICCPR......Page 125
5.3.1. Definition of Racial Discrimination......Page 126
5.3.3. Political Rights in ICERD......Page 128
5.4. Other Instruments Applicable in Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 129
5.5. The Non-discrimination Grounds......Page 130
5.5.1. Race......Page 131
5.5.2. Colour......Page 132
5.5.4. Religion......Page 133
5.5.6. Ethnic Origin and Descent......Page 134
5.5.7. Association with a National Minority......Page 136
5.6. The Human Rights Chamber and the Non-discrimination Criteria......Page 138
5.7. Concluding Comments......Page 141
6.1. Background......Page 142
6.2. The Jus Cogens Requirements......Page 144
6.2.1. Prohibition Against Ethnic Discrimination as a Jus Cogens Rule?......Page 145
6.3. Concluding Comments......Page 148
2. Constituent Peoples......Page 149
2.1. The "Constituent Peoples" Decision from the BH Constitutional Court......Page 151
3. The House of Peoples and the House of Representatives......Page 154
3.1.1. Constitutional Discrimination of Serbs?......Page 156
3.2. Competencies of the Parliamentary Assembly......Page 158
3.2.1. The Decision Making Process......Page 159
3.2.2. "Ethnic Veto" on Parliamentary Decisions......Page 160
4. The Presidency......Page 162
4.2. The Decision-making Process......Page 163
5.1. Exclusion of "Others"......Page 166
5.2. Exclusion of Constituent Peoples in the "Wrong" Entity......Page 169
6. Concluding Comments......Page 171
1. Introduction......Page 173
2. ECHR: Article 3 of Protocol 1......Page 175
2.1. The Second Chamber......Page 176
2.2. The Exclusion Criteria......Page 179
3. ICCPR: Article 25......Page 183
3.1. The Right to Take Part in the Conduct of Public Affairs......Page 184
3.2.1. The Parliamentary Assembly......Page 185
3.2.2. The Presidency......Page 190
3.3. ICERD Article 5......Page 191
5. Concluding Comments......Page 192
1. Introduction......Page 195
2. Derogation......Page 196
2.1. State of Emergency......Page 199
2.1.1. Was there a State of Emergency in Bosnia and Herzegovina?......Page 203
2.3. Which Rights May Not Be Derogated from?......Page 204
2.4.1. Ethnic Discrimination and Derogation in the ICCPR......Page 206
2.4.2. Ethnic Discrimination and Derogation in the ECHR......Page 208
2.4.3. The Non-discrimination Criteria......Page 211
2.4.4. The Term Solely......Page 217
2.5. The Consistency Requirement......Page 218
2.5.1. A Customary Right to Derogation?......Page 221
2.6. Strictly Required by the Exigencies of the Situation......Page 224
3.1. Introduction......Page 229
3.2. Customary Human Rights Obligations......Page 230
3.3. Customary Basis for Necessity......Page 232
3.4. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness in the Draft Articles on State Responsibility......Page 234
3.5. Article 25 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility......Page 236
3.5.1. The Balancing Requirement......Page 240
3.5.2. The Time Aspect......Page 248
4. Concluding Comments......Page 249
2. The Priority Rule......Page 251
2.2. Judgement by the Constitutional Court......Page 253
2.3. Judgement by the Human Rights Chamber......Page 255
2.4. Decision by the High Representative......Page 256
2.5. New Negotiations by the Parties to the Dayton Peace Agreement......Page 259
2.6. Decision by the European Court of Human Rights......Page 260
3. Concluding Comments......Page 261
CHAPTER 10. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 263
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 267
TABLE OF CASES......Page 275
ANNEX I......Page 279
ANNEX II......Page 295
INDEX......Page 305