Access to Health (16/e)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART ONE Finding the Right Balance
	1 Accessing Your Health
		Why Health, Why Now?
			Choose Health Now for Immediate Benefits
			Choose Health Now for Long‐Term Rewards
			Your Health Is Linked to Societal Health
		What Is Health?
			Models of Health
			Wellness and the Dimensions of Health
		What Influences Your Health?
			Individual Behavior
			Biology and Genetics
			Social Factors
			Access to Quality Health Services
			Policymaking
		How Does Mindfulness Influence Health?
			Definitions of Mindfulness
			Health Benefits of Mindfulness
			The Practice of Mindfulness
		How Does Behavior Change Occur?
			Health Belief Model
			Social‐Cognitive Model
			Transtheoretical Model
		How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
			Step One: Increase Your Awareness
			Step Two: Contemplate Change
			Step Three: Prepare for Change
			Step Four: Take Action to Change
			Let’s Get Started!
		STUDY PLAN
	FOCUS ON Difference, Disparity, and Health: Achieving Health Equity
		Why Has Health Equity Become a Critical Issue in America?
			Health Equity Is Attainment of the Highest Level of Health for All
			America: A Country of Increasing Diversity
			Our Response to Difference Can Lead to Disparities in Health
			Health Disparities Incur Enormous Costs
		What Types of Health Disparities Occur in Vulnerable Population Groups?
			Disparities Affecting Certain Racial and Ethnic Groups
			Disparities Affecting Men, Women, and Sexual and Gender Minorities
			Disparities Affecting Older and Disabled Americans
			Disparities in Socially Excluded Populations
		How Do the Social Determinants of Health Influence Health Disparities In America?
			Economic Stability and Educational Attainment
			Social Interactions and Community Context
			Neighborhood and Built Environment
		How Can Your Actions Contribute to Health Equity?
			Use Mindfulness to Examine Your Assumptions and Biases
			Affirm the Benefits of Diversity
			Learn to Communicate across Differences
			Advocate for Yourself and Others
		How Can Systemic Change Lead to Health for All?
			Increase Access to Health Care
			Reduce the Social Determinants That Contribute to Health Disparities
			Examples of Initiatives to Increase Health for All
		STUDY PLAN
	2 Promoting and Preserving Your Psychological Health
		What Is Psychological Health?
			Mental Health
			Emotional Health
			Social Health
			Spiritual Health
		Keys to Enhancing Psychological Health
			Self‐Efficacy and Self‐Esteem
			Emotional Intelligence
			Personality
			Lifespan and Maturity
			Happiness and the Mind–Body Connection
		When Psychological Health Deteriorates
			Mental Health Threats to College Students
			Mood Disorders
			Anxiety Disorders
			Personality Disorders
			Schizophrenia
		Suicide: Giving Up on Life
			Risk Factors for Suicide
			Warning Signs of Suicide
			Preventing Suicide
		Seeking Professional Help
			Mental Illness Stigma
			Getting Evaluated for Treatment
			Mental Health Professionals
			What to Expect in Therapy
			Pharmacological Treatment
		STUDY PLAN
	FOCUS ON Mindfulness, Spiritual Health, and Spiritual Intelligence
		What is Mindfulness?
		What are Spirituality and Spiritual Intelligence?
			Spirituality and Religion
			Relationships, Values, and Purpose
			Spiritual Intelligence
		Health Benefits of Mindfulness and Spirituality: What Does the Research Say?
			Physical Benefits
			Psychological Benefits
		How Can You Integrate Mindfulness and Spirituality Into Your Life?
			Your Path to Mindfulness
			Meditation Supports Mindfulness
			Contemplation and Prayer Can Contribute to Spirituality
			Meditative Movement Integrates Body and Spirit
			Altruism
		STUDY PLAN
	3 Managing Stress and Coping with Life’s Challenges
		What Is Stress?
			Common Types of Stress
			What Causes Stress?
		The Stress Response: What Really Happens?
			Physiology/Systems Theory: General Adaptation Syndrome
			Psychological Theory: The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping
			Minority Stress Perspective
			Yerkes‐Dodson Law of Arousal
			Do Men and Women Respond Differently to Stress?
		Stress and Your Health
			Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
			Stress and Weight Gain
			Stress and Hair Loss
			Stress and Diabetes
			Stress and Digestive Problems
			Stress and Impaired Immunity
			Stress and Your Mental Health
		Individual Factors that Affect Your Stress Response
			Appraisal
			Self‐Esteem
			Self‐Efficacy
			Type A and Type B Personalities
			Type C and Type D Personalities
			Shift and Persist
		Managing Stress in College: When Overwhelm Strikes
			Taking A Mindful Approach to Stress
			Developing a Support Network
			Cultivating Your Spiritual Side
			Managing Emotional Responses and Perceptions
			Taking Physical Action
			Managing Your Time
			Consider Downshifting
			Finding Calm: Relaxation Techniques for Reducing Stress
		STUDY PLAN
	4 Improving Your Sleep
		Sleepless in America
			Sleepless on Campus: Tired and Dragged‐Out Students?
			Why So Sleep Deprived?
		The Importance of Sleep
			Sleep and Health
		The Processes of Sleep
			Stages and Cycles of Sleep
			Your Sleep Needs
		Sleep Disorders
			Insomnia
			Sleep Apnea
			Restless Legs Syndrome
			Narcolepsy
			Other Parasomnias
		Getting a Good Night’s Sleep
			Create a Sleep‐Promoting Environment
			Adjust Your Daytime Habits
			Avoid Common Sleep Disruptors
			Sleep Aids: What Works and What Doesn’t?
		STUDY PLAN
PART TWO Building Healthy Lifestyles
	5 Nutrition: Eating for a Healthier You
		Essential Nutrients for Health
			Recommended Intakes for Nutrients
			Calories
			Water: A Crucial Nutrient
			Proteins
			Carbohydrates
			Fats
			Vitamins
			Minerals
			Beneficial Non‐Nutrient Components of Foods
		Nutritional Guidelines
			Dietary Guidelines for Americans
			MyPlate Food Guidance System
		How Can I Eat More Healthfully?
			Read Food Labels
			Vegetarianism: A Healthy Diet?
			Supplements: Research on the Daily Dose
			Eating Well in College
		Food Safety: A Growing Concern
			Organic and Locally Grown Foods
			Foodborne Illnesses
			Food Irradiation
			Food Sensitivities, Allergies, and Intolerances
			Genetically Modified Food Crops
		STUDY PLAN
	6 Reaching and Maintaining a Healthy Weight
		Overweight and Obesity: A Growing Health Threat
			Overweight and Obesity in the United States
			An Obesogenic World
			Health Risks of Excess Weight
		Factors Contributing to Overweight and Obesity
			Physiological, Genetic, and Hormonal Factors
			Environmental Factors
			Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors
			Emerging Theories on Obesity Risks
		Assessing Body Weight and Body Composition
			Body Mass Index
			Waist Circumference and Ratio Measurements
			Measures of Body Fat
		Managing Your Weight: Individual Roles
			Understanding Calories and Energy Balance
			Diet and Eating Behaviors
			Including Exercise
			Keeping Weight Control in Perspective
			Considering Drastic Weight Loss Measures?
			Trying to Gain Weight
		STUDY PLAN
	FOCUS ON Enhancing Your Body Image
		Body Image
			Many Factors Influence Body Image
			Body Dysmorphic Disorder
			Building a Positive Body Image
		Disordered Eating and Eating Disorders
			Anorexia Nervosa
			Bulimia Nervosa
			Binge‐Eating Disorder
			Other Disordered Eating
			Treatment for Eating Disorders
			Helping Someone with Eating Issues
		Exercise Disorders
			Compulsive Exercise
			Muscle Dysmorphia
			The Female Athlete Triad
			Health at Every Size
		STUDY PLAN
	7 Improving Your Personal Fitness
		Physical Activity for Health
			Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases
			Reduced Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
			Reduced Cancer Risk
			Improved Immunity
			Reduced Risk of Low Bone Mass
			Better Weight Control
			Improved Mental Status and Reduced Stress
			Improved Cognitive Function and Reduced Dementia Risk
			Longer Lifespan
		Fitness Components for Health, Wellness, and Physical Function
			Health‐Related Components of Physical Fitness
			Skill‐Related Components of Physical Fitness
		Utilizing the Fitt Principle to Create Your Own Fitness Program
			Set SMART Goals for Your Physical Fitness
			Use the FITT Principle
			The FITT Principle for Cardiorespiratory Fitness
			The FITT Principle for Muscular Strength and Endurance
			The FITT Principle for Flexibility
			Implement Your Fitness Program
		Committing to Physical Activity
			What if I Have Been Inactive for a While?
			Overcome Common Obstacles to Physical Activity
			Incorporate Physical Activity into Your Life
			Explore Activities for Functional Fitness
		Taking in Proper Nutrition for Exercise
			Foods for Exercise and Recovery
			Fluids for Exercise and Recovery
		Preventing and Treating Exercise Injuries
			Preventing Injuries
			Treating Injuries
		STUDY PLAN
PART THREE Creating Healthy and Caring Relationships
	8 Building Healthy Relationships and Communicating Effectively
		The Value of Relationships
		Intimate Relations: When Connecting Gets Personal
			Caring for Yourself
			Family Relationships
			Friendships
			Romantic Relationships
		Building Communication Skills
			Learning Appropriate Self‐Disclosure
			Becoming a Better Listener
			Using Nonverbal Communication
			Connecting Digitally: Too Much of a Good Thing?
			Managing Conflict through Communication
		Relationships: For Better and Worse
			Characteristics of Healthy and Unhealthy Relationships
			Confronting Couples Issues
			When and Why Relationships End
			Coping with Failed Relationships
		Partnering and Singlehood
			Marriage
			Cohabitation
			Gay and Lesbian Marriage and Partnerships
			Staying Single
		STUDY PLAN
	9 Understanding Your Sexuality
		Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology
			Sexual Orientation
		Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
			Female Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
			Male Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
		Human Sexual Response
			Sexuality and Aging
			Sexual Dysfunction
		Sexual Expression and Behavior
			Sexual Behavior: Is There a “Normal”?
			Options for Sexual Expression
			Variant Sexual Behavior
			Drugs and Sex
			Responsible and Satisfying Sexual Behavior
		STUDY PLAN
	10 Considering Your Reproductive Choices
		Basic Principles of Contraception
		Contraceptive Methods
			Barrier Methods
			Hormonal Methods
			Intrauterine Contraceptives
			Behavioral Methods
			Emergency Contraception
			Permanent Methods of Birth Control
		Choosing a Method of Contraception
		Abortion
			The Abortion Debate
			Emotional Aspects of Abortion
			Methods of Abortion
		Pregnancy
			Planning for Pregnancy and Parenthood
			The Process of Pregnancy
			Prenatal Care
		Childbirth
			Labor and Delivery
			Complications of Pregnancy and Childbirth
			The Postpartum Period
		Infertility
			Causes in Women
			Causes in Men
			Infertility Treatments
			Surrogate Motherhood
			Adoption
		STUDY PLAN
PART FOUR Avoiding Risks from Harmful Habits
	FOCUS ON Recognizing and Avoiding Addiction
		What is Addiction?
			Common Characteristics of Addiction
			Addiction Affects Family and Friends
		How Addiction Develops
			The Physiology of Addiction
			The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction
		Addictive Behaviors
			Gambling Disorder
			Compulsive Buying Disorder
			Technology Addictions
			Work Addiction
			Exercise Addiction
			Sexual Addiction
			Multiple Addictions
			Costs of Addiction
		Recovering from Addiction
			Intervention
			Treatment for Addiction
			Finding a Quality Treatment Program
			Relapse
		STUDY PLAN
	11 Drinking Alcohol Responsibly
		Alcohol: An Overview
			The Chemistry and Potency of Alcohol
			Absorption and Metabolism
			Blood Alcohol Concentration
		Alcohol and Your Health
			Short‐Term Effects of Alcohol
			Long‐Term Effects of Alcohol
			Alcohol and Pregnancy
		Alcohol Use in College
			High‐Risk Drinking and College Students
			Efforts to Reduce Student Drinking
		Drinking and Driving
		Abuse and Dependence
			Identifying an Alcoholic
			The Causes of Alcohol Use Disorders
			Alcohol Use Disorder in Women
			Alcohol and Prescription Drug Abuse
			Effects on Family and Friends
			Costs to Society
		Treatment and Recovery
			Family’s and Friends’ Roles in Recovery
			Treatment Programs
		STUDY PLAN
	12 Ending Tobacco Use
		Tobacco Use in the United States
			Why People Smoke
			U.S. Tobacco: Political and Economic Issues
		College Students and Tobacco Use
			Social Smoking
			Most Student Smokers Want to Quit
		Effects of Tobacco
			Nicotine
			Tar and Carbon Monoxide
			Tobacco Use Disorder
			Tobacco Products
		Health Hazards of Tobacco Products
			Cancer
			Cardiovascular Disease
			Respiratory Disorders
			Sexual Dysfunction and Fertility Problems
			Other Health Effects
		Environmental Tobacco Smoke
			Risks from Environmental Tobacco Smoke
		Tobacco Use and Prevention Policies
		Quitting Smoking
			Benefits of Quitting
			How Can You Quit?
			Breaking the Nicotine Addiction
			Breaking the Smoking Habit
		STUDY PLAN
	13 Avoiding Drug Misuse and Abuse
		Drug Dynamics
			How Drugs Affect the Brain
		Types of Drugs
			Routes of Drug Administration
			Drug Interactions
		Drug Misuse and Abuse
			Abuse of Over‐the‐Counter Drugs
			Nonmedical Use or Abuse of Prescription Drugs
			Use and Abuse of Illicit Drugs
			Why Do Some College Students Use Drugs?
		Common Drugs of Abuse
			Stimulants
			Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids
			Depressants and Opioids (Narcotics)
			Hallucinogens
			Inhalants
			Anabolic Steroids
		Drug Abuse Treatment and Recovery
			Treatment Approaches
			Drug Treatment and Recovery for College Students
		Addressing Drug Misuse and Abuse in the United States
			Drugs in the Workplace
			Preventing Drug Use and Abuse on Campus
			Possible Solutions to the Drug Problem
		STUDY PLAN
PART FIVE Preventing and Fighting Disease
	14 Protecting against Infectious Diseases
		The Process of Infection
			Three Conditions Needed for Infection
			Routes of Transmission: How Do Pathogens Gain Entry?
			Risk Factors You Can Control
			Hard‐to‐Control Risk Factors
		Your Body’s Defenses Against Infection
			Physical and Chemical Defenses
			The Immune System: Your 24/7 Protector
			When the Immune System Misfires: Autoimmune Diseases
			Inflammatory Response, Pain, and Fever
			Vaccines Bolster Immunity
		Types of Pathogens and the Diseases they Cause
			Bacteria
			Viruses
			Other Pathogens
			Emerging and Resurgent Diseases
			Mindfulness: A New Ally in Bolstering Defenses?
		STUDY PLAN
	15 Protecting against Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
			What’s Your Risk?
			Routes of Transmission
		Common Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Chlamydia
			Gonorrhea
			Syphilis
			Herpes
			Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Genital Warts
			Candidiasis (Moniliasis)
			Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
			Trichomoniasis
			Pubic Lice
		HIV/AIDS
			How HIV Is Transmitted
			Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
			Testing for HIV: Newer Options
			New Hope and Treatments
			Preventing HIV Infection
		STUDY PLAN
	16 Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
		Current Trends: Social and Economic Impact of CVD
			U.S. Disparities: Differences by Age, Sex, and Race
			An Emerging Global Threat
			History and Future Goals: Ideal Cardiovascular Health
		Essentials: Understanding the Cardiovascular System
			The Heart: A Mighty Machine
		Understanding the Major Cardiovascular Diseases
			Hypertension
			Atherosclerosis
			Peripheral Artery Disease
			Coronary Heart Disease
			Arrhythmias
			Angina Pectoris
			Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
			Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease
			Stroke
		Reducing Your CVD Risks
			Metabolic Syndrome: Quick Risk Profile
			Modifiable Risks for CVD
			Nonmodifiable Risks
			Other Risk Factors Being Studied
		Diagnosing and Treating Cardiovascular Disease
			Techniques for Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease
			Surgical Options: Bypass Surgery, Angioplasty, and Stents
			Changing Aspirin Recommendations and Other Treatments
			Cardiac Rehabilitation and Recovery
		STUDY PLAN
	FOCUS ON Minimizing Your Risk for Diabetes
		What is Diabetes?
			Type 1 Diabetes
			Type 2 Diabetes
			Prediabetes
			Gestational Diabetes
		What are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
			Complications of Diabetes
			Diagnosing Diabetes
		Treating Diabetes
			Lifestyle Changes
			Medical Interventions
		STUDY PLAN
	17 Reducing Your Cancer Risk
		An Overview of Cancer
			How Does Cancer Develop?
			How Is Cancer Classified?
		What Causes Cancer?
			Lifestyle Risks for Cancer
			Genetic and Physiological Risks
			Occupational and Environmental Risks
			Infectious Diseases and Cancer Risks
			Medical Factors
		Types of Cancers
			Lung Cancer
			Breast Cancer
			Colon and Rectal Cancers
			Skin Cancer
			Prostate Cancer
			Ovarian Cancer
			Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
			Testicular Cancer
			Leukemia
			Lymphoma
			Pancreatic Cancer
		Facing Cancer
			Detecting Cancer
			Cancer Treatments
		Cancer Survivors
		STUDY PLAN
	18 Reducing Risks and Coping with Chronic Conditions
		Coping with Chronic Lower Respiratory (Lung) Diseases
			Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
			Asthma
		Coping with Allergies
			Hay Fever
			Food Allergies
		Coping with Neurological Disorders
			Headaches
			Seizure Disorders
			Multiple Sclerosis
			Parkinson’s Disease
		Coping with Digestion‐Related Disorders and Diseases
			Irritable Bowel Syndrome
			Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Coping with Musculoskeletal Diseases
			Arthritis and Related Conditions
			Osteoporosis
			Low Back Pain
			Repetitive Motion Disorders
		STUDY PLAN
PART SIX Facing Life’s Challenges
	19 Making Smart Health Care Choices
		Taking Responsibility for Your Health Care
			Self‐Care
			When to Seek Help
			Assessing Health Professionals
			Your Rights as a Patient
		Conventional Health Care
			Conventional Health Care Practitioners
			Conventional Medication
		Complementary and Integrative Health Care
			Complementary Medical Systems
			Mind and Body Practices
			Natural Products
		Health Insurance
			Private Health Insurance
			Managed Care
			Government‐Funded Programs
			Insurance Coverage by the Numbers
		Issues Facing Today’s Health Care System
			Access
			Cost
			Quality
		STUDY PLAN
	20 Preventing Violence and Abuse
		Violence in the United States
			Violence Overview
			Violence on U.S. Campuses
		Factors Contributing to Violence
			What Makes Some Individuals Prone to Violence?
			How Much Impact Do the Media Have?
		Interpersonal and Collective Violence
			Homicide
			Hate and Bias‐Motivated Crimes
			Gang Violence
			Cybercrime
			Terrorism
			Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence
			Child Abuse and Neglect
			Elder Abuse
			Sexual Victimization
			Bullying
		Minimize Your Risk of Becoming a Victim of Violence
			Self‐Defense against Personal Assault and Rape
			What to Do if Rape Occurs
		Campus‐ and Community‐Wide Responses to Violence
			Prevention and Early Response Efforts
			Changes in the Campus Environment
			Campus Law Enforcement
			Coping in the Event of Violence
		STUDY PLAN
	FOCUS ON Reducing Your Risk of Unintentional Injury
		Drug Overdoses and Other Poisonings
			What’s behind the Opioid Overdose Epidemic?
			Recognizing an Opioid Overdose
			Preventing Unintentional Poisoning
		Motor Vehicle Injuries
			Your Choices Affect Motor Vehicle Safety
			Motorcyclists Face Unique Risks
			Improve Your Driving Skills
		Recreational Injuries
			Follow Bike Safety Rules
			Stay Safe on Your Board or Skis
			Stay Safe in the Water
		Injuries at Home
			Avoid Falls
			Reduce Your Risk of Fire
			Prepare for Natural Disasters and Severe Weather Events
			Learn First Aid and CPR
			Limit Your Exposure to Loud Noise
		Injuries at Work
			Protect Your Back
			Maintain Alignment While Sitting
			Avoid Repetitive Motion Disorders
		STUDY PLAN
	21 Preserving and Protecting Your Environment
		Overpopulation: The Planet’s Greatest Threat
			Global Population Growth
			Measuring the Impact of People
		Air Pollution
			Components of Air Pollution
			Photochemical Smog
			Air Quality Index
			Acid Deposition
			Indoor Air Pollution
			Ozone Layer Depletion
		Climate Change
			Scientific Evidence of Climate Change and Human‐Caused Global Warming
			Reducing the Threat of Global Warming
			Alternative Energy: Promising Future
			Campus‐Wide Actions to Spur Sustainability: Going Green
		Water Pollution and Shortages
			Water Contamination
		Land Pollution
			Solid Waste
			Hazardous Waste
		Radiation
			Nonionizing Radiation
			Ionizing Radiation
			Nuclear Power Plants
		STUDY PLAN
	22 Preparing for Aging, Death, and Dying
		Aging
			Redefining Aging
		Older Adults: A Growing Population
			Health Issues for an Aging Society
		Theories of Aging
		Physical and Mental Changes of Aging
			The Skin
			Bones and Joints
			Head and Face
			The Urinary Tract
			Heart and Lungs
			The Senses
			Sexual Function
			Mental Function and Memory
			Dementias and Alzheimer’s Disease
			Depression
		Strategies for Healthy Aging
			Improve Fitness
			Eat for Longevity
			Avoid Alcohol and Drug Use and Abuse
			Develop and Maintain Healthy Relationships
			Enrich the Spiritual Side of Life
			Financial Planning for Retirement
		Understanding the Final Transitions: Dying and Death
			Defining Death
			The Process of Dying
		Coping with Loss
			What Is “Typical” Grief?
			Grief and Trauma
			Worden’s Model of Grieving Tasks
			Children and Death
		Life‐and‐Death Decision Making
			The Right to Die
			Rational Suicide and Euthanasia
		Making Final Arrangements
			Hospice Care: Positive Alternatives
			Making Funeral Arrangements
			Wills
			Trusts
			Organ Donation
		STUDY PLAN
Answers to Pop Quiz Questions
Providing Emergency Care
Nutritive Value of Selected Foods and Fast Foods
Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Index