Accelerated C Sharp 2008

Prelims......Page 1
Contents at a Glance......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 19
About the Author......Page 21
About the Technical Reviewer......Page 23
Acknowledgments......Page 25
Introduction......Page 27
About This Book......Page 28
C#......Page 31
CLR Garbage Collection......Page 32
Example of a C# Program......Page 33
Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0......Page 35
Overview of What’s New in C# 3.0......Page 36
Summary......Page 37
C# and the CLR......Page 39
C# Is a Strongly Typed Language......Page 47
Expressions......Page 48
Types and Variables......Page 49
Value Types......Page 51
Enumerations......Page 52
Reference Types......Page 54
Implicitly Typed Local Variables......Page 55
Type Conversion......Page 57
as and is Operators......Page 59
Generics......Page 61
Namespaces......Page 62
Defining Namespaces......Page 63
Using Namespaces......Page 64
switch......Page 65
break, continue, goto, return, and throw......Page 66
Summary......Page 67
Classes, Structs, and Objects......Page 69
Fields......Page 71
Constructors......Page 74
Static Methods......Page 75
Instance Methods......Page 76
Declaring Properties......Page 77
Read-Only and Write-Only Properties......Page 78
Auto-Implemented Properties......Page 79
Encapsulation......Page 81
Accessibility......Page 85
Interfaces......Page 86
Accessibility of Members......Page 87
Implicit Conversion and a Taste of Polymorphism......Page 88
Member Hiding......Page 90
The base Keyword......Page 92
sealed Classes......Page 94
Nested Classes......Page 95
Indexers......Page 99
partial Classes......Page 100
partial Methods......Page 101
Static Classes......Page 102
Reserved Member Names......Page 104
Value Type Definitions......Page 105
Constructors......Page 106
The Meaning of this......Page 108
Finalizers......Page 110
Anonymous Types......Page 111
Object Initializers......Page 114
Boxing and Unboxing......Page 117
When Boxing Occurs......Page 121
Efficiency and Confusion......Page 123
System.Object......Page 124
Creating Objects......Page 125
Using new with Class Types......Page 126
Field Initialization......Page 127
Static (Class) Constructors......Page 128
Instance Constructor and Creation Ordering......Page 131
Destroying Objects......Page 134
Finalizers......Page 135
Deterministic Destruction......Page 136
The IDisposable Interface......Page 137
The using Keyword......Page 140
Value Arguments......Page 141
ref Arguments......Page 142
out Parameters......Page 143
Method Overloading......Page 144
override and new Methods......Page 145
Inheritance, Containment, and Delegation......Page 148
Choosing Between Interface and Class Inheritance......Page 149
Delegation and Composition vs. Inheritance......Page 150
Summary......Page 152
Interfaces and Contracts......Page 153
Interfaces Define Types......Page 154
What Can Be in an Interface?......Page 155
Interface Inheritance and Member Hiding......Page 156
Implicit Interface Implementation......Page 158
Explicit Interface Implementation......Page 159
Overriding Interface Implementations in Derived Classes......Page 161
Beware of Side Effects of Value Types Implementing Interfaces......Page 164
Interface Member Matching Rules......Page 165
Explicit Interface Implementation with Value Types......Page 169
Versioning Considerations......Page 171
Contracts Implemented with Classes......Page 172
Choosing Between Interfaces and Classes......Page 174
Summary......Page 178
Types and Formats of Overloaded Operators......Page 179
Operators Shouldn’t Mutate Their Operands......Page 180
Overloading the Addition Operator......Page 181
Comparison Operators......Page 183
Conversion Operators......Page 186
Boolean Operators......Page 188
Summary......Page 191
How the CLR Treats Exceptions......Page 193
Changes with Unhandled Exceptions Starting with .NET 2.0......Page 194
Syntax Overview of the try Statement......Page 195
Rethrowing Exceptions and Translating Exceptions......Page 197
Exceptions Thrown in finally Blocks......Page 199
Exceptions Thrown in Finalizers......Page 200
Exceptions Thrown in Static Constructors......Page 201
Who Should Handle Exceptions?......Page 202
Achieving Exception Neutrality......Page 203
Basic Structure of Exception-Neutral Code......Page 204
Constrained Execution Regions......Page 209
Critical Finalizers and SafeHandle......Page 211
Creating Custom Exception Classes......Page 215
Working with Allocated Resources and Exceptions......Page 216
Providing Rollback Behavior......Page 220
Summary......Page 223
String Overview......Page 225
String Literals......Page 226
Format Specifiers and Globalization......Page 227
Object.ToString, IFormattable, and CultureInfo......Page 228
Creating and Registering Custom CultureInfo Types......Page 229
Format Strings......Page 231
Console.WriteLine and String.Format......Page 232
Examples of String Formatting in Custom Types......Page 233
ICustomFormatter......Page 234
Comparing Strings......Page 236
Working with Strings from Outside Sources......Page 238
StringBuilder......Page 239
Searching with Regular Expressions......Page 241
Searching and Grouping......Page 243
Replacing Text with Regex......Page 246
Regex Creation Options......Page 249
Summary......Page 250
Introduction to Arrays......Page 251
Implicitly Typed Arrays......Page 252
Type Convertibility and Covariance......Page 254
Synchronization......Page 255
Vectors vs. Arrays......Page 256
Multidimensional Rectangular Arrays......Page 258
Multidimensional Jagged Arrays......Page 259
Comparing ICollection<>> with ICollection......Page 261
Collection Synchronization......Page 262
Lists......Page 263
Dictionaries......Page 264
System.Collections.ObjectModel......Page 265
Efficiency......Page 268
IEnumerable<>>, IEnumerator<>>, IEnumerable, and IEnumerator......Page 269
Iterators......Page 272
Forward, Reverse, and Bidirectional Iterators......Page 277
Collection Initializers......Page 281
Summary......Page 282
Overview of Delegates......Page 283
Delegate Creation and Use......Page 284
Single Delegate......Page 285
Delegate Chaining......Page 286
Iterating Through Delegate Chains......Page 288
Unbound (Open Instance) Delegates......Page 289
Events......Page 292
Anonymous Methods......Page 296
Beware the Captured Variable Surprise......Page 300
Anonymous Methods as Delegate Parameter Binders......Page 302
The Strategy Pattern......Page 306
Summary......Page 308
Generics......Page 309
Difference Between Generics and C++ Templates......Page 310
Efficiency and Type Safety of Generics......Page 311
Generic Type Definitions and Constructed Types......Page 312
Generic Classes and Structs......Page 313
Generic Interfaces......Page 315
Generic Methods......Page 316
Generic Delegates......Page 318
Generic Type Conversion......Page 321
Default Value Expression......Page 322
Nullable Types......Page 323
Generics and Inheritance......Page 325
Constraints......Page 327
Constraints on Nonclass Types......Page 331
Generic System Collections......Page 332
Generic System Interfaces......Page 333
Conversion and Operators Within Generic Types......Page 335
Creating Constructed Types Dynamically......Page 344
Summary......Page 346
Threading in C# and .NET......Page 347
Starting Threads......Page 348
States of a Thread......Page 350
Terminating Threads......Page 353
Halting Threads and Waking Sleeping Threads......Page 354
Waiting for a Thread to Exit......Page 355
Foreground and Background Threads......Page 356
Thread-Local Storage......Page 357
How Unmanaged Threads and COM Apartments Fit In......Page 360
Synchronizing Work Between Threads......Page 361
Lightweight Synchronization with the Interlocked Class......Page 362
Monitor Class......Page 367
Beware of Boxing......Page 371
Pulse and Wait......Page 372
ReaderWriterLock......Page 375
ReaderWriterLockSlim......Page 378
Mutex......Page 379
Events......Page 380
Win32 Synchronization Objects and WaitHandle......Page 381
Using ThreadPool......Page 383
Asynchronous Method Calls......Page 384
Timers......Page 391
Summary......Page 392
Reference Type Canonical Forms......Page 393
Default to sealed Classes......Page 394
Use the Non-Virtual Interface (NVI) Pattern......Page 395
Is the Object Cloneable?......Page 398
Is the Object Disposable?......Page 403
Does the Object Need a Finalizer?......Page 405
Reference Types and Identity Equality......Page 412
Overriding Object.Equals for Reference Types......Page 415
If You Override Equals, Override GetHashCode Too......Page 418
Does the Object Support Ordering?......Page 421
Is the Object Formattable?......Page 423
Is the Object Convertible?......Page 427
Prefer Type Safety at All Times......Page 429
Using Immutable Reference Types......Page 433
Value Type Canonical Forms......Page 435
Override Equals for Better Performance......Page 436
Do Values of This Type Support Any Interfaces?......Page 440
Implement Type-Safe Forms of Interface Members and Derived Methods......Page 441
Checklist for Reference Types......Page 444
Checklist for Value Types......Page 445
Introduction to Extension Methods......Page 447
How Does the Compiler Find Extension Methods?......Page 448
Under the Covers......Page 451
Code Readability vs. Code Understandability......Page 452
Consider Extension Methods Over Inheritance......Page 453
Isolate Extension Methods in Separate Namespace......Page 454
Transforms......Page 455
Operation Chaining......Page 459
Custom Iterators......Page 460
Borrowing from Functional Programming......Page 462
The Visitor Pattern......Page 467
Summary......Page 471
Introduction to Lambda Expressions......Page 473
Lambda Expressions......Page 474
Lambda Statements......Page 478
Expression Trees......Page 479
Operating on Expressions......Page 481
Functions As Data......Page 482
Iterators and Generators Revisited......Page 483
Closures (Variable Capture) and Memoization......Page 486
Currying......Page 490
Anonymous Recursion......Page 492
Summary......Page 494
A Bridge to Data......Page 495
Query Expressions......Page 496
Extension Methods and Lambda Expressions Revisited......Page 498
Standard Query Operators......Page 499
The from Clause and Range Variables......Page 500
The join Clause......Page 502
The orderby Clause......Page 504
The select Clause and Projection......Page 505
The let Clause......Page 506
The group Clause......Page 508
The into Clause and Continuations......Page 510
C# Iterators Foster Laziness......Page 512
Subverting Laziness......Page 513
Expression Trees Revisited......Page 515
Custom Standard Query Operators and Lazy Evaluation......Page 516
Replacing foreach Statements......Page 523
Summary......Page 524
References......Page 525
Blogs......Page 526
Index......Page 527