Absolute C++

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter 1 C++ Basics
	1.1 INTRODUCTION TO C++
		Origins of the C++ Language
		C++ and Object-Oriented Programming
		The Character of C++
		C++ Terminology
		A Sample C++ Program
	1.2 VARIABLES, EXPRESSIONS, AND ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
		Identifiers
		Variables
		Assignment Statements
		Introduction to the string class
		PITFALL: Uninitialized Variables
		TIP: Use Meaningful Names
		More Assignment Statements
		Assignment Compatibility
		Literals
		Escape Sequences
		Naming Constants
		Arithmetic Operators and Expressions
		Integer and Floating-Point Division
		PITFALL: Division with Whole Numbers
		Type Casting
		Increment and Decrement Operators
		PITFALL: Order of Evaluation
	1.3 CONSOLE INPUT/OUTPUT
		Output Using cout
		New Lines in Output
		TIP: End Each Program with \\n or endl
		Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point
		Output with cerr
		Input Using cin
		TIP: Line Breaks in I/O
	1.4 PROGRAM STYLE
		Comments
	1.5 LIBRARIES AND NAMESPACES
		Libraries and include Directives
		Namespaces
		PITFALL: Problems with Library Names
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 2 Flow of Control
	2.1 BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS
		Building Boolean Expressions
		PITFALL: Strings of Inequalities
		Evaluating Boolean Expressions
		Precedence Rules
		PITFALL: Integer Values Can Be Used as Boolean Values
	2.2 BRANCHING MECHANISMS
		if-else Statements
		Compound Statements
		PITFALL: Using = in Place of ==
		Omitting the else
		Nested Statements
		Multiway if-else Statement
		The switch Statement
		PITFALL: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement
		TIP: Use switch Statements for Menus
		Enumeration Types
		The Conditional Operator
	2.3 LOOPS
		The while and do-while Statements
		Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited
		The Comma Operator
		The for Statement
		TIP: Repeat-N-Times Loops
		PITFALL: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement
		PITFALL: Infinite Loops
		The break and continue Statements
		Nested Loops
	2.4 INTRODUCTION TO FILE INPUT
		Reading From a Text File Using ifstream
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 3 Function Basics
	3.1 PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS
		Predefined Functions That Return a Value
		Predefined void Functions
		A Random Number Generator
	3.2 PROGRAMMER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
		Defining Functions That Return a Value
		Alternate Form for Function Declarations
		PITFALL: Arguments in the Wrong Order
		PITFALL: Use of the Terms Parameter and Argument
		Functions Calling Functions
		EXAMPLE: A Rounding Function
		Functions That Return a Boolean Value
		Defining void Functions
		return Statements in void Functions
		Preconditions and Postconditions
		main Is a Function
		Recursive Functions
	3.3 SCOPE RULES
		Local Variables
		Procedural Abstraction
		Global Constants and Global Variables
		Blocks
		Nested Scopes
		TIP: Use Function Calls in Branching and Loop Statements
		Variables Declared in a for Loop
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 4 Parameters and Overloading
	4.1 PARAMETERS
		Call-by-Value Parameters
		A First Look at Call-by-Reference Parameters
		Call-by-Reference Mechanism in Detail
		Constant Reference Parameters
		EXAMPLE: The swapValues Function
		TIP: Think of Actions, Not Code
		Mixed Parameter Lists
		TIP: What Kind of Parameter to Use
		PITFALL: Inadvertent Local Variables
		TIP: Choosing Formal Parameter Names
		EXAMPLE: Buying Pizza
	4.2 OVERLOADING AND DEFAULT ARGUMENTS
		Introduction to Overloading
		PITFALL: Automatic Type Conversion and Overloading
		Rules for Resolving Overloading
		EXAMPLE: Revised Pizza-Buying Program
		Default Arguments
	4.3 TESTING AND DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS
		The assert Macro
		Stubs and Drivers
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 5 Arrays
	5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARRAYS
		Declaring and Referencing Arrays
		TIP: Use for Loops with Arrays
		PITFALL: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero
		TIP: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array
		Arrays in Memory
		PITFALL: Array Index out of Range
		Initializing Arrays
	5.2 ARRAYS IN FUNCTIONS
		Indexed Variables as Function Arguments
		Entire Arrays as Function Arguments
		The const Parameter Modifier
		PITFALL: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters
		Functions That Return an Array
		EXAMPLE: Production Graph
	5.3 PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS
		Partially Filled Arrays
		TIP: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters
		EXAMPLE: Searching an Array
		EXAMPLE: Sorting an Array
	5.4 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
		Multidimensional Array Basics
		Multidimensional Array Parameters
		EXAMPLE: Two-Dimensional Grading Program
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 6 Structures and Classes
	6.1 STRUCTURES
		Structure Types
		PITFALL: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition
		Structures as Function Arguments
		TIP: Use Hierarchical Structures
		Initializing Structures
	6.2 CLASSES
		Defining Classes and Member Functions
		Encapsulation
		Public and Private Members
		Accessor and Mutator Functions
		TIP: Separate Interface and Implementation
		TIP: A Test for Encapsulation
		Structures versus Classes
		TIP: Thinking Objects
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 7 Constructors and Other Tools
	7.1 CONSTRUCTORS
		Constructor Definitions
		PITFALL: Constructors with No Arguments
		Explicit Constructor Calls
		TIP: Always Include a Default Constructor
		EXAMPLE: BankAccount Class
		Class Type Member Variables
	7.2 MORE TOOLS
		The const Parameter Modifier
		PITFALL: Inconsistent Use of const
		Inline Functions
		Static Members
		Nested and Local Class Definitions
	7.3 VECTORS—A PREVIEW OF THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY
		Vector Basics
		PITFALL: Using Square Brackets beyond the Vector Size
		TIP: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved
		Efficiency Issues
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 8 Operator Overloading, Friends, and References
	8.1 BASIC OPERATOR OVERLOADING
		Overloading Basics
		TIP: A Constructor Can Return an Object
		Returning by const Value
		Overloading Unary Operators
		Overloading as Member Functions
		TIP: A Class Has Access to All Its Objects
		Overloading Function Application ( )
		PITFALL: Overloading &&, ||, and the Comma Operator
	8.2 FRIEND FUNCTIONS AND AUTOMATIC TYPE CONVERSION
		Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion
		PITFALL: Member Operators and Automatic Type Conversion
		Friend Functions
		Friend Classes
		PITFALL: Compilers without Friends
	8.3 REFERENCES AND MORE OVERLOADED OPERATORS
		References
		TIP: Returning Member Variables of a Class Type
		Overloading >> and <<
		TIP: What Mode of Returned Value to Use
		The Assignment Operator
		Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators
		Overloading the Array Operator [ ]
		Overloading Based on L-Value versus R-Value
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 9 Strings
	9.1 AN ARRAY TYPE FOR STRINGS
		C-String Values and C-String Variables
		PITFALL: Using = and == with C-strings
		Other Functions in 
		EXAMPLE: Command-Line Arguments
		C-String Input and Output
	9.2 CHARACTER MANIPULATION TOOLS
		Character I/O
		The Member Functions get and put
		EXAMPLE: Checking Input Using a Newline Function
		PITFALL: Unexpected \'\\n\' in Input
		The putback, peek, and ignore Member Functions
		Character-Manipulating Functions
		PITFALL: toupper and tolower Return int Values
	9.3 THE STANDARD CLASS string
		Introduction to the Standard Class string
		I/O with the Class string
		TIP: More Versions of getline
		PITFALL: Mixing cin >> variable; and getline
		String Processing with the Class string
		EXAMPLE: Palindrome Testing
		Converting between string Objects and C-Strings
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 10 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays
	10.1 POINTERS
		Pointer Variables
		Basic Memory Management
		PITFALL: Dangling Pointers
		Dynamic Variables and Automatic Variables
		TIP: Define Pointer Types
		PITFALL: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters
		Uses for Pointers
	10.2 DYNAMIC ARRAYS
		Array Variables and Pointer Variables
		Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays
		EXAMPLE: A Function That Returns an Array
		Pointer Arithmetic
		Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays
	10.3 CLASSES, POINTERS, AND DYNAMIC ARRAYS
		The -> Operator
		The this Pointer
		Overloading the Assignment Operator
		EXAMPLE: A Class for Partially Filled Arrays
		Destructors
		Copy Constructors
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 11 Separate Compilation and Namespaces
	11.1 SEPARATE COMPILATION
		Encapsulation Reviewed
		Header Files and Implementation Files
		EXAMPLE: DigitalTime Class
		TIP: Reusable Components
		Using #ifndef
		TIP: Defining Other Libraries
	11.2 NAMESPACES
		Namespaces and using Directives
		Creating a Namespace
		using Declarations
		Qualifying Names
		TIP: Choosing a Name for a Namespace
		EXAMPLE: A Class Definition in a Namespace
		Unnamed Namespaces
		PITFALL: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace
		TIP: Unnamed Namespaces Replace the static Qualifier
		TIP: Hiding Helping Functions
		Nested Namespaces
		TIP: What Namespace Specification Should You Use?
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 12 Streams and File I/O
	12.1 I/O STREAMS
		File I/O
		PITFALL: Restrictions on Stream Variables
		Appending to a File
		TIP: Another Syntax for Opening a File
		TIP: Check That a File Was Opened Successfully
		Character I/O
		Checking for the End of a File
	12.2 TOOLS FOR STREAM I/O
		File Names as Input
		Formatting Output with Stream Functions
		Manipulators
		Saving Flag Settings
		More Output Stream Member Functions
		EXAMPLE: Cleaning Up a File Format
		EXAMPLE: Editing a Text File
	12.3 STREAM HIERARCHIES: A PREVIEW OF INHERITANCE
		Inheritance among Stream Classes
		EXAMPLE: Another newLine Function
		Parsing Strings with the stringstream Class
	12.4 RANDOM ACCESS TO FILES
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 13 Recursion
	13.1 RECURSIVE void FUNCTIONS
		EXAMPLE: Vertical Numbers
		Tracing a Recursive Call
		A Closer Look at Recursion
		PITFALL: Infinite Recursion
		Stacks for Recursion
		PITFALL: Stack Overflow
		Recursion versus Iteration
	13.2 RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS THAT RETURN A VALUE
		General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value
		EXAMPLE: Another Powers Function
		Mutual Recursion
	13.3 THINKING RECURSIVELY
		Recursive Design Techniques
		Binary Search
		Coding
		Checking the Recursion
		Efficiency
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 14 Inheritance
	14.1 INHERITANCE BASICS
		Derived Classes
		Constructors in Derived Classes
		PITFALL: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class
		PITFALL: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited
		The protected Qualifier
		Redefinition of Member Functions
		Redefining versus Overloading
		Access to a Redefined Base Function
		Functions That Are Not Inherited
	14.2 PROGRAMMING WITH INHERITANCE
		Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes
		Destructors in Derived Classes
		EXAMPLE: Partially Filled Array with Backup
		PITFALL: Same Object on Both Sides of the Assignment Operator
		EXAMPLE: Alternate Implementation of PFArrayDBak
		TIP: A Class Has Access to Private Members of All Objects of the Class
		TIP: “Is a” versus “Has a”
		Protected and Private Inheritance
		Multiple Inheritance
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 15 Polymorphism and Virtual Functions
	15.1 VIRTUAL FUNCTION BASICS
		Late Binding
		Virtual Function in C++
		TIP: The Virtual Property Is Inherited
		TIP: When to Use a Virtual Function
		PITFALL: Omitting the Definition of a Virtual Member Function
		Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions
		EXAMPLE: An Abstract Class
	15.2 POINTERS AND VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS
		Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility
		PITFALL: The Slicing Problem
		TIP: Make Destructors Virtual
		Downcasting and Upcasting
		How C++ Implements Virtual Functions
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 16 Templates
	16.1 FUNCTION TEMPLATES
		Syntax for Function Templates
		PITFALL: Compiler Complications
		TIP: How to Define Templates
		EXAMPLE: A Generic Sorting Function
		PITFALL: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type
	16.2 CLASS TEMPLATES
		Syntax for Class Templates
		EXAMPLE: An Array Template Class
		The vector and basic_string Templates
	16.3 TEMPLATES AND INHERITANCE
		EXAMPLE: Template Class For a Partially Filled Array with Backup
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 17 Linked Data Structures
	17.1 NODES AND LINKED LISTS
		Nodes
		Linked Lists
		Inserting a Node at the Head of a List
		PITFALL: Losing Nodes
		Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List
		PITFALL: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures
		Searching a Linked List
		Doubly Linked Lists
		Adding a Node to a Doubly Linked List
		Deleting a Node from a Doubly Linked List
		EXAMPLE: A Generic Sorting Template Version of Linked List Tools
	17.2 LINKED LIST APPLICATIONS
		EXAMPLE: A Stack Template Class
		EXAMPLE: A Queue Template Class
		TIP: A Comment on Namespaces
		Friend Classes and Similar Alternatives
		EXAMPLE: Hash Tables With Chaining
		Efficiency of Hash Tables
		EXAMPLE: A Set Template Class
		Efficiency of Sets Using Linked Lists
	17.3 ITERATORS
		Pointers as Iterators
		Iterator Classes
		EXAMPLE: An Iterator Class
	17.4 TREES
		Tree Properties
		EXAMPLE: A Tree Template Class
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 18 Exception Handling
	18.1 EXCEPTION HANDLING BASICS
		A Toy Example of Exception Handling
		Defining Your Own Exception Classes
		Multiple Throws and Catches
		PITFALL: Catch the More Specific Exception First
		TIP: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial
		Throwing an Exception in a Function
		Exception Specification
		PITFALL: Exception Specification in Derived
	18.2 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR EXCEPTION HANDLING
		When to Throw an Exception
		PITFALL: Uncaught Exceptions
		PITFALL: Nested try-catch Blocks
		PITFALL: Overuse of Exceptions
		Exception Class Hierarchies
		Testing for Available Memory
		Rethrowing an Exception
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 19 Standard Template Library
	19.1 ITERATORS
		Iterator Basics
		PITFALL: Compiler Problems
		Kinds of Iterators
		Constant and Mutable Iterators
		Reverse Iterators
		Other Kinds of Iterators
	19.2 CONTAINERS
		Sequential Containers
		PITFALL: Iterators and Removing Elements
		TIP: Type Definitions in Containers
		The Container Adapters stack and queue
		PITFALL: Underlying Containers
		The Associative Containers set and map
		Efficiency
	19.3 GENERIC ALGORITHMS
		Running Times and Big-O Notation
		Container Access Running Times
		Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms
		Modifying Sequence Algorithms
		Set Algorithms
		Sorting Algorithms
		Chapter Summary
		Answers to Self-Test Exercises
		Programming Projects
Chapter 20 Patterns and UML
Appendix 1 C++ Keywords
Appendix 2 Precedence of Operators
Appendix 3 The ASCII Character Set
Appendix 4 Some Library Functions
Appendix 5 Old and New Header Files
Index
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