Abolishing School Fees in Africa: Lessons Learned in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique (Africa Human Development Series)

Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 21
Abbreviations......Page 25
CHAPTER 1. RATIONALE, ISSUES, AND CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINING THE ABOLITION OF SCHOOL FEES......Page 27
School Fee Abolition: What Are the Rationale and Challenges?......Page 28
How Did the Five Countries Develop and Implement Their Fee Abolition Policies?......Page 43
What Are the Practical Lessons Learned from These Five Countries?......Page 48
Conclusion......Page 57
1A.1 Summary Informationon Fee Abolitionin Five Country Studies......Page 58
Notes......Page 62
References......Page 65
CHAPTER 2. FINANCING PRIMARY EDUCATION WITHIN A DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA......Page 71
Background......Page 72
Financing Education in Different Government Systems (Pre?Fee Abolition)......Page 75
2.1 Education Expenditure Trends in Different Government Systems, 1970?2005......Page 76
The Present Financial System of Education......Page 87
Constraints and Challenges......Page 96
Lessons Learned......Page 98
The Way Forward with School Fee Abolition......Page 99
2A.2 Types of Schools by Ownership and Management, 2006......Page 105
Annex 2C: The Present System of Education and Its Implications for Financing......Page 109
2C.1 General Structure of the Regular System of Education, on the Basis of Education and Training Policy......Page 113
Background to Education Programming and Sector Development......Page 119
3.3 Basic Education Certificate Examination Results for Mathematics and English, 2002/03?2004/05......Page 126
Capitation Grant: Piloting in 40 Districts......Page 128
3.1 Success Stories in Some Remote Areas......Page 137
3.10 Increase in Enrollment Following National Implementation of Capitation Grant Scheme, by Gender, 2004/05 and 2005/06......Page 142
Coping Strategies and the Way Forward......Page 145
Cost Sharing in Education......Page 153
Objectives of Free Primary Education......Page 156
Process of Planning and Implementation of Free Primary Education......Page 157
4.12 Mean Score of Kenya Certificate of Primary Education by Gender and Province, 2002?05......Page 172
Coping Strategies and Mechanisms......Page 176
Lessons Learned......Page 181
Conclusion......Page 183
References......Page 184
CHAPTER 5. REVIEW OF THE PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN MALAWI......Page 187
Planning and Implementation of School Fee Abolition......Page 188
5.2 Enrollment Growth Rate by Standard following the Fee Waivers, 1991/92?1994/95......Page 200
Lessons Learned......Page 216
The Way Forward......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 221
5B.1 Primary Repetition Rates by Standard and Gender, 1990/91?2005......Page 222
5B.4 Primary Pupil-Teacher Ratio, 1989/90?2005......Page 227
References......Page 228
The Mozambican Context......Page 233
The Educational System......Page 235
6.3 Increase in Gross Enrollment Rate by Province, 2003?05......Page 240
The Abolition of ASE Fees......Page 245
The Direct Support to Schools Program......Page 246
Combining DSS and Special Incentives for Orphans and Vulnerable Children......Page 251
Other Interventions to Improve Access and Quality......Page 253
Managing Access Shock......Page 254
The Way Ahead......Page 258
Notes......Page 261
References......Page 262
INDEX......Page 265
2C.1 The Governance Structure of Ethiopia......Page 112
3.4 Increase in Enrollment by Education Level in 40 Pilot Districts, 2003/04 and 2004/05......Page 133
3.5 Increase in Enrollment by Gender in 40 Pilot Districts, 2003/04 and 2004/05......Page 134
3.6 Enrollment Growth in Deprived Districts, 2001/02?2004/05......Page 135
3.7 Gross Enrollment Rate Increases by Education Level, 2004/05 and 2005/06......Page 139
3.5 Gross Enrollment Rate Increases by Education Level and Region, 2004/05 and 2005/06......Page 140
4.1 Primary School Gross Enrollment Rates, 1999?2004......Page 164
4.9 Textbook-Pupil Ratio by Subject and Standard, 2004......Page 168
5.1 Trends in Primary School Enrollments, 1990/91?2005......Page 202
5.2 Comparison of Standard 1 to Standard 8 Enrollments, 1990/91?2005......Page 210
5.3 Percentage of Repeaters in Primary School, 1990/91?2005......Page 211
5.4 Trends in Primary School Dropout Rate, 1990/91?2005......Page 212
5.6 Progression of FPE Cohorts through the Primary School System......Page 213
6.1 Growth of EP1 Gross Enrollment Rate, 1981?2004 and 2005 Projection......Page 237
6.3 Range of Gender Differences between Provinces, 2004......Page 239
6.4 Net Primary School Attendance Rate by Sex and Wealth Index Quintile......Page 243
6.5 Primary School Attendance Rate among Children Ages 10?14 Years......Page 244
3.1 Primary Net Enrollment by District, 2004/05......Page 124
3.2 Gender Parity Index of Primary Gross Enrollment, 2004/05......Page 125
3.3 School Fee Abolition and Introduction of Capitation Grant, 2004......Page 130
3.4 Relative Increase in Primary Enrollment, 2004/05......Page 136
2.2 Annual Fees Paid by Students Just before Fee Abolition......Page 77
2.4 Primary School Gross Enrollment Rate by Gender and Region, 1994/95 and 2004/05......Page 80
2.5 Enrollments for Grade 1 in Government and Nongovernment Primary Schools, 1994/95?2004/05......Page 81
2.6 Grade 1 Enrollment in Rural Areas, 1994/95?2004/05......Page 82
2.7 Primary Education Growth Indicators, 1994/95?2004/05......Page 83
2.8 Enrollment Trend and Recurrent Cost of Primary- and Secondary-Level Education, 1994/95?2004/05......Page 84
2.9 Some Indicators of Recurrent Cost at Primary Schools, 1997 and 1998......Page 85
2.10 Cost-Sharing Payment......Page 90
2.11 Community Contribution in Some Regions, 2004/05......Page 91
2A.4 Regional Recurrent Expenditure and Budget of Education, 1997 and 1998......Page 106
2A.6 Capital and Recurrent Expenditure of Education in Ethiopia, 1994/95?2004/05......Page 107
2A.9 Primary Education Learning Assessment Results,1999 and 2004......Page 108
2B.1 Performance Indicators of the Ethiopian System of Education......Page 110
3.1 Links between the Policy Goals of the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy II and the Education Strategic Plan Focus Areas......Page 120
3.2 Enrollment and Access Trends at Kindergarten, Primary, and Junior Secondary Education Levels, 2003/04?2006/07......Page 123
3.8 Gender Parity Index by Education Level, 2004/05 and 2005/06......Page 141
4.1 Breakdown of Expenses Financed by the Capitation Grant......Page 159
4.3 Primary Gross Enrollment Rate by Gender and Province, 2002?04......Page 163
4.5 Primary Completion Rate by Gender and Province, 2002?04......Page 165
4.7 Primary Dropout Rate by Gender and Province, 1999 and 2003......Page 166
4.8 Number of Textbooks in Primary Schools by Subject and Standard, 2004......Page 167
4.10 Number of Teachers in Public Primary Schools and Pupil-Teacher Ratio, 1999?2004......Page 169
4.11 Analysis of Trends in Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination, 2002?05......Page 170
5.1 Time line for the Planning and Implementation of Free Primary Education, May 1994?February 1997......Page 193
5.3 Primary School Enrollments by Gender, 1990/91?2005......Page 201
5.4 Trends in Gross Enrollment Rates by Household Expenditure Quintile and Gender, 1990/91?2004......Page 203
5.5 Trends in Net Enrollment Rates by Household Expenditure Quintile and Gender, 1990/91?2004......Page 204
5.6 Primary Education Quality Indicators, 1990/91?2005......Page 205
5.7 Survival Rates by Standard and Gender, 1990/91?2005......Page 215
5B.2 Primary Dropout Rates by Standard and Gender, 1990/91?2005......Page 224
5B.3 Primary Survival Rates by Standard and Gender, 1990/91?2005......Page 225
6.1 System Growth in Primary and Secondary Education, 1997?2006......Page 236
6.2 Primary Education System Performance, 1997?2005......Page 238
6.5 Net Enrollment Rate by Consumption Quintile and Level of Education, 2004......Page 242