Abnormal psychology

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Dedication Page......Page 7
About the Author......Page 8
Contents in Brief......Page 9
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 18
CHAPTER : 1 Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present......Page 29
PsychWatch Verbal Debuts......Page 30
Deviance......Page 31
Dysfunction......Page 32
The Elusive Nature of Abnormality......Page 33
PsychWatch Marching to a Different Drummer: Eccentrics......Page 34
How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past?......Page 35
Greek and Roman Views and Treatments......Page 37
Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns......Page 38
The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums......Page 39
The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment......Page 40
The Early Twentieth Century: The Somatogenic and Psychogenic Perspectives......Page 41
Current Trends......Page 43
How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For?......Page 44
A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health......Page 45
The Growing Influence of Insurance Coverage......Page 47
What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions?......Page 48
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A Work in Progress......Page 49
SUMMING UP......Page 50
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 51
PsychWatch Modern Pressures: Modern Problems......Page 36
PsychWatch Positive Psychology: Happiness Is All Around Us......Page 46
CHAPTER : 2 Research in Abnormal Psychology......Page 53
What Do Clinical Researchers Do?......Page 54
PsychWatch Animals Have Rights......Page 55
How Are Case Studies Helpful?......Page 57
The Correlational Method......Page 58
MediaSpeak On Facebook, Scholars Link Up with Data......Page 59
When Can Correlations Be Trusted?......Page 61
What Are the Merits of the Correlational Method?......Page 62
Special Forms of Correlational Research......Page 63
The Experimental Method......Page 64
PsychWatch Clear as a Bell?......Page 65
Blind Design......Page 66
Natural Experiment......Page 67
Analogue Experiment......Page 68
Single-Subject Experiment......Page 69
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: THE USE OF MULTIPLE RESEARCH METHODS......Page 71
SUMMING UP......Page 72
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 73
PsychWatch Humans Have Rights, Too......Page 70
CHAPTER : 3 Models of Abnormality......Page 75
How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?......Page 77
Biological Treatments......Page 79
Assessing the Biological Model......Page 80
How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning?......Page 81
Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 83
The Behavioral Model......Page 86
PsychWatch Maternal Instincts......Page 87
Behavioral Therapies......Page 88
Assessing the Behavioral Model......Page 89
How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain |Abnormal Functioning?......Page 90
Cognitive Therapies......Page 91
The Humanistic-Existential Model......Page 92
Rogers’ Humanistic Theory and Therapy......Page 93
Spiritual Views and Interventions......Page 95
Existential Theories and Therapy......Page 96
The Sociocultural Model: Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives......Page 98
How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?......Page 99
Family-Social Treatments......Page 100
How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?......Page 104
Multicultural Treatments......Page 105
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: INTERGRATION OF THE MODELS......Page 106
SUMMING UP......Page 108
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 109
PsychWatch Cybertherapy: Surfing for Help......Page 97
Clinical Assessment: How and Why Does the Client Behave Abnormally?......Page 111
Characteristics of Assessment Tools......Page 112
Clinical Interviews......Page 113
Clinical Tests......Page 115
Clinical Observations......Page 124
Diagnosis: Does the Client’s Syndrome Match a Known Disorder?......Page 126
DSM-IV-TR......Page 127
Is DSM-IV-TR an Effective Classification System?......Page 130
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 131
Can Diagnosis and Labeling Cause Harm?......Page 133
Treatment Decisions......Page 134
The Effectiveness of Treatment......Page 135
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS AT A CROSSROADS......Page 137
SUMMING UP......Page 138
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 139
MediaSpeak A Rorschach Cheat Sheet on Wikipedia?......Page 117
PsychWatch The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth......Page 123
MediaSpeak Intelligence Tests Too? eBay and the Public Good......Page 125
PsychWatch Culture-Bound Abnormality......Page 129
PsychWatch D ark Sites......Page 136
CHAPTER : 5 Anxiety Disorders......Page 141
Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 142
The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors......Page 143
The Psychodynamic Perspective......Page 144
The Humanistic Perspective......Page 145
The Cognitive Perspective......Page 146
The Biological Perspective......Page 150
Specific Phobias......Page 154
Social Phobias (Social Anxiety Disorder)......Page 160
Panic Disorder......Page 163
The Biological Perspective......Page 164
The Cognitive Perspective......Page 167
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 168
What Are the Features of Obsessions and Compulsions?......Page 169
The Psychodynamic Perspective......Page 171
The Behavioral Perspective......Page 172
The Cognitive Perspective......Page 173
The Biological Perspective......Page 174
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 176
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: DIATHESIS-STRESS IN ACTION......Page 177
SUMMING UP......Page 178
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 179
PsychWatch Fears, Shmears: The Odds Are Usually on Our Side......Page 147
PsychWatch Phobias, Familiar and Not So Familiar......Page 157
PsychWatch Panic: Everyone Is Vulnerable......Page 165
MediaSpeak Dining Out: The Obsessive- Compulsive Experience......Page 170
CHAPTER : 6 Stress Disorders......Page 181
Stress and Arousal: The Fight-or-Flight Response......Page 182
The Psychological Stress Disorders: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders......Page 185
What Triggers a Psychological Stress Disorder?......Page 186
Why Do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?......Page 190
How Do Clinicians Treat the Psychological Stress Disorders?......Page 193
The Physical Stress Disorders: Psychophysiological Disorders......Page 197
Traditional Psychophysiological Disorders......Page 198
New Psychophysiological Disorders......Page 205
Psychological Treatments for Physical Disorders......Page 210
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 212
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 213
SUMMING UP......Page 214
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 215
PsychWatch September 11, 2001: The Psychological Aftermath......Page 189
PsychWatch Adjustment Disorders: A Category of Compromise?......Page 191
MediaSpeak Combat Trauma Takes the Stand......Page 195
PsychWatch Sleep, Perchance to Sleep......Page 201
MediaSpeak The Poverty Clinic......Page 204
CHAPTER :7 Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders......Page 217
What Are Hysterical Somatoform Disorders?......Page 218
What Are Preoccupation Somatoform Disorders......Page 222
What Causes Somatoform Disorders?......Page 224
How Are Somatoform Disorders Treated?......Page 229
Dissociative Disorders......Page 230
Dissociative Amnesia......Page 231
Dissociative Fugue......Page 233
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)......Page 235
How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Disorders?......Page 238
PsychWatch Peculiarities of Memory......Page 241
Depersonalization Disorder......Page 243
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 245
MediaSpeak A Life, Interrupted......Page 246
SUMMING UP......Page 248
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 249
PsychWatch Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy......Page 223
PsychWatch Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder......Page 227
PsychWatch Repressed Childhood Memories or False Memory Syndrome?......Page 234
CHAPTER : 8 Mood Disorders......Page 251
What Are the Symptoms of Depression?......Page 252
What Causes Unipolar Depression?......Page 256
The Biological View......Page 258
Psychological Views......Page 262
Sociocultural Views......Page 269
What Are the Symptoms of Mania?......Page 272
Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders......Page 273
What Causes Bipolar Disorders?......Page 277
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 280
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: MAKING SENSE OF ALL THAT IS KNOWN......Page 281
SUMMING UP......Page 282
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 283
MediaSpeak The Crying Game: Male Versus Female Tears......Page 254
PsychWatch Sadness at the Happiest of Times......Page 257
PsychWatch Abnormality and Creativity: A Delicate Balance......Page 276
CHAPTER : 9 Treatments for Mood Disorders......Page 285
Psychological Approaches......Page 286
Sociocultural Approaches......Page 292
Biological Approaches......Page 294
How Do the Treatments for Unipolar Depression Compare?......Page 303
Treatments for Bipolar Disorders......Page 306
Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers......Page 307
Adjunctive Psychotherapy......Page 309
SUMMING UP......Page 310
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 311
MediaSpeak How Well Do Colleges Treat Depression?......Page 288
PsychWatch Nature’s Way......Page 295
PsychWatch First Dibs on Antidepressant Drugs?......Page 300
PsychWatch “Ask Your Doctor If This Medication Is Right for You”......Page 305
CHAPTER : 10 Suicide......Page 313
What Is Suicide?......Page 314
Patterns and Statistics......Page 317
Stressful Events and Situations......Page 320
Mood and Thought Changes......Page 321
Mental Disorders......Page 323
Modeling: The Contagion of Suicide......Page 324
What Are the Underlying Causes of Suicide?......Page 325
The Psychodynamic View......Page 326
Durkheim’s Sociocultural View......Page 327
The Biological View......Page 328
Children......Page 329
Adolescents......Page 330
The Elderly......Page 333
What Is Suicide Prevention?......Page 337
Do Suicide Prevention Programs Work?......Page 340
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS LAG BEHING......Page 341
SUMMING UP......Page 342
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 343
MediaSpeak Self-Cutting: The Wound That Will Not Heal......Page 318
PsychWatch Can Music Inspire Suicide?......Page 322
PsychWatch The Black Box Controversy: Do Antidepressants Cause Suicide?......Page 332
PsychWatch The Right to Commit Suicide......Page 336
MediaSpeak Live Web Suicides: A Growing Phenomenon......Page 339
CHAPTER : 11 Eating Disorders......Page 345
Anorexia Nervosa......Page 346
The Clinical Picture......Page 347
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 348
Binges......Page 349
Bulimia Nervosa Versus Anorexia Nervosa......Page 351
Psychodynamic Factors: Ego Deficiencies......Page 352
Cognitive Factors......Page 354
Biological Factors......Page 355
Societal Pressures......Page 358
Family Environment......Page 359
Multicultural Factors: Racial and Ethnic Differences......Page 360
Multicultural Factors: Gender Differences......Page 362
Treatments for Anorexia Nervosa......Page 363
Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa......Page 368
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: A STANDARD FOR INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES......Page 371
SUMMING UP......Page 372
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 373
MediaSpeak A Mother’s Loss, a Daughter’s Story......Page 353
PsychWatch Obesity: To Lose or Not to Lose......Page 356
PsychWatch Eating Disorders Across the World......Page 361
MediaSpeak The Sugar Plum Fairy......Page 370
CHAPTER : 12 Substance-Related Disorders......Page 375
Alcohol......Page 377
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs......Page 383
Opioids......Page 384
Cocaine......Page 386
Amphetamines......Page 389
Caffeine......Page 390
Hallucinogens......Page 391
Cannabis......Page 394
Combinations of Substances......Page 397
Sociocultural Views......Page 398
Cognitive-Behavioral Views......Page 399
Biological Views......Page 401
Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 403
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies......Page 405
Biological Treatments......Page 406
Sociocultural Therapies......Page 408
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 410
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: NEW WRIKLES TO A FAMILIARSTORY......Page 411
SUMMING UP......Page 412
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 413
PsychWatch College Binge Drinking: An Extracurricular Crisis......Page 380
PsychWatch Tobacco, Nicotine, and Addiction......Page 388
PsychWatch Club Drugs: X Marks the (Wrong) Spot......Page 393
MediaSpeak Enrolling at Sober High......Page 404
CHAPTER : 13 Sexual Disorders and Gender Identity Disorder......Page 415
Disorders of Desire......Page 416
Disorders of Excitement......Page 420
Disorders of Orgasm......Page 423
Disorders of Sexual Pain......Page 427
What Are the General Features of Sex Therapy?......Page 428
What Techniques Are Applied to Particular Dysfunctions?......Page 430
Paraphilias......Page 434
Fetishism......Page 435
Transvestic Fetishism......Page 436
Exhibitionism......Page 437
Frotteurism......Page 438
Pedophilia......Page 439
Sexual Masochism......Page 441
Sexual Sadism......Page 442
Gender Identity Disorder......Page 443
Explanations of Gender Identity Disorder......Page 444
Treatments for Gender Identity Disorder......Page 445
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 448
SUMMING UP......Page 449
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 451
PsychWatch Lifetime Patterns of Sexual Behavior......Page 419
PsychWatch Sexism, Viagra, and the Pill......Page 432
PsychWatch Serving the Public Good......Page 440
MediaSpeak A Different Kind of Judgment......Page 447
CHAPTER : 14 Schizophrenia......Page 453
What Are the Symptoms of Schizophrenia?......Page 455
Diagnosing Schizophrenia......Page 461
Biological Views......Page 462
Psychological Views......Page 468
Sociocultural Views......Page 469
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 473
SUMMING UP......Page 474
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 475
PsychWatch Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers......Page 456
PsychWatch Postpartum Psychosis: The Case of Andrea Yates......Page 464
CHAPTER : 15 Treatments for Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Disorders......Page 477
Institutional Care in the Past......Page 478
The Token Economy......Page 480
Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 483
How Effective Are Antipsychotic Drugs?......Page 484
The Unwanted Effects of Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 485
Newer Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 486
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy......Page 488
MediaSpeak Can You Live with the Voicesin Your Head?......Page 490
Social Therapy......Page 492
The Community Approach......Page 493
What Are the Features of Effective Community Care?......Page 494
How Has Community Treatment Failed?......Page 496
The Promise of Community Treatment......Page 498
SUMMING UP......Page 500
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 501
PsychWatch Lobotomy: How Could It Happen?......Page 481
PsychWatch First Dibs on Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs?......Page 487
MediaSpeak “Alternative” Mental Health Care......Page 499
CHAPTER : 16 Personality Disorders......Page 503
Paranoid Personality Disorder......Page 507
Schizoid Personality Disorder......Page 509
Schizotypal Personality Disorder......Page 510
“Dramatic” Personality Disorders......Page 512
Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 513
Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 517
Histrionic Personality Disorder......Page 524
Narcissistic Personality Disorder......Page 527
Avoidant Personality Disorder......Page 529
Dependent Personality Disorder......Page 532
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder......Page 534
Multicultural Factors: Research Neglect......Page 536
What Problems Are Posed by the DSM-IV-TR Categories?......Page 537
Are There Better Ways to Classify Personality Disorders?......Page 538
Alternative Dimensional Approaches......Page 539
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 540
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: DISORDERS OF PERSONALITY– REDISCOVERED, THEN RECONSIDERED......Page 541
SUMMING UP......Page 542
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 543
PsychWatch Personality and the Brain: The Case of Phineas Gage......Page 506
PsychWatch Gambling and Other Impulse Problems......Page 515
MediaSpeak Videos of Self-Injury Find an Audience......Page 520
MediaSpeak The Patient as Therapist......Page 522
CHAPTER : 17 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence......Page 545
Childhood and Adolescence......Page 546
Childhood Anxiety Disorders......Page 547
Separation Anxiety Disorder......Page 548
Treatments for Childhood Anxiety Disorders......Page 549
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 550
Bipolar Disorder......Page 552
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder......Page 553
How Do Clinicians Treat Conduct Disorder?......Page 555
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 558
How Is ADHD Treated?......Page 560
Multicultural Factors and ADHD......Page 562
Enuresis......Page 563
Encopresis......Page 564
Pervasive Developmental Disorders......Page 566
Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)......Page 575
Call for Change: DSM-5......Page 584
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CLINICIANS DISCOVER CHILDHOOD AND ADDLESCENCE......Page 585
SUMMING UP......Page 586
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 587
MediaSpeak Alone in a Parallel Life......Page 551
MediaSpeak Targeted for Bullying......Page 557
PsychWatch Child Abuse......Page 565
PsychWatch A Special Kind of Talent......Page 570
PsychWatch Reading and ’Riting and ’Rithmetic......Page 577
CHAPTER : 18 Disorders of Aging and Cognition......Page 589
Old Age and Stress......Page 590
Depression in Later Life......Page 592
Substance Abuse in Later Life......Page 594
Psychotic Disorders in Later Life......Page 595
Delirium......Page 597
Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 598
Issues Affecting the Mental Health of the Elderly......Page 610
MediaSpeak Focusing on Emotions......Page 612
PUTTING IT TOGETHER: CLINICIANS DISCOVER THE ELDERLY......Page 614
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 615
PsychWatch The Oldest Old......Page 591
MediaSpeak Doctor, Do No Harm......Page 596
PsychWatch Amnestic Disorders: Forgetting to Remember......Page 604
CHAPTER : 19 Society and the Mental Health Profession......Page 617
How Do Clinicians Influence the Criminal Justice System?......Page 618
Law in Psychology: How Do the Legislative and Judicial Systems Influence Mental Health Care?......Page 626
In What Other Ways Do the Clinical and Legal Fields Interact?......Page 633
What Ethical Principles Guide Mental Health Professionals?......Page 637
The Economics of Mental Health......Page 639
Technology and Mental Health......Page 640
New Triggers and Vehicles for Psychopathology......Page 641
Cybertherapy......Page 642
The Person Within the Profession......Page 643
SUMMING UP......Page 645
PSYCHPORTAL......Page 647
PsychWatch Famous Insanity Defense Cases......Page 621
PsychWatch Violence Against Therapists......Page 627
PsychWatch Serial Murderers: Madness or Badness?......Page 636
MediaSpeak “Mad Pride” Fights a Stigma......Page 644
Appendix: DSM-IV-TR Classification......Page 648
Glossary......Page 651
References......Page 669
Name Index......Page 749
Subject Index......Page 765