Abnormal psychology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Features......Page 16
Preface......Page 20
About the Authors......Page 24
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Was It Wise to Drop the Bereavement Exclusion for Major Depression? ......Page 26
 What Do We Mean by Abnormality? ......Page 28
  The World Around Us Extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior? ......Page 30
  Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: What Is the Dsm and Why Was It Revised? ......Page 31
  What Are the Disadvantages of Classifi Cation? ......Page 32
  How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? ......Page 33
  The World Around Us Stigma of Abnormality in India: Abnormality Is Nothing but Being Haunted by Evil Spirits ......Page 34
  Prevalence and Incidence ......Page 35
  Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders ......Page 36
  Mental Health Professionals ......Page 37
  Case Studies ......Page 38
  Observational Approaches ......Page 39
  Sampling and Generalization ......Page 40
  Criterion and Comparison Groups ......Page 41
  Measuring Correlation ......Page 42
  Effect Size ......Page 43
  Retrospective Versus Prospective Strategies ......Page 44
  Studying the Effi Cacy of Therapy ......Page 45
  Single-case Experimental Designs ......Page 47
  Animal Research ......Page 48
  Unresolved Issues Are We All Becoming Mentally Ill? the Expanding Horizons of Mental Disorder ......Page 49
  Summary ......Page 50
2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior ......Page 51
  Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts ......Page 52
  Developments in Thinking: Melancholia Through the Ages ......Page 53
  Later Greek and Roman Thought ......Page 54
  Early Views of Mental Disorders in China ......Page 55
  Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages ......Page 56
  The Resurgence of Scientifi C Questioning in Europe ......Page 57
  The Establishment of Early Asylums ......Page 58
  Humanitarian Reform ......Page 59
  Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century ......Page 62
  The World Around Us Chaining Mental Health Patients ......Page 63
  Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder ......Page 64
  The Development of a Classifi Cation System ......Page 65
  Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder ......Page 66
  Developments in Research: the Search for Medications to Cure Mental Disorders ......Page 67
  The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology ......Page 69
  Unresolved Issues Interpreting Historical Events ......Page 72
 Summary ......Page 73
 Key Terms ......Page 74
3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints ......Page 75
  Necessary, Suffi Cient, and Contributory Causes ......Page 76
  Feedback and Bidirectionality in Abnormal Behavior ......Page 77
  Diathesis-stress Models ......Page 78
 The Biological Viewpoint and Biological Causal Factors ......Page 80
  Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones ......Page 81
  Genetic Vulnerabilities ......Page 83
  Developments in Thinking: Nature, Nurture, and Psychopathology: a New Look at an Old Topic ......Page 87
  Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity ......Page 88
  The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint ......Page 89
  The Psychodynamic Perspectives ......Page 90
  The Behavioral Perspective ......Page 95
  Developments in Thinking: the Humanistic and Existential Perspectives ......Page 97
  The Cognitive-behavioral Perspective ......Page 99
  What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do ......Page 101
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 102
  Early Deprivation or Trauma ......Page 103
  Inadequate Parenting Styles ......Page 105
  Domestic Violence ......Page 107
  Maladaptive Peer Relationships ......Page 108
  Uncovering Sociocultural Factors Through Cross-cultural Studies ......Page 110
  Social Change and Uncertainty ......Page 112
  Urban Stressors: Violence and Homelessness ......Page 113
  The Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint ......Page 114
  Unresolved Issues Theoretical Viewpoints and the Causes of Abnormal Behavior ......Page 115
 Summary ......Page 116
 Key Terms ......Page 117
4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis ......Page 118
 The Basic Elements in Assessment ......Page 119
  Reliability, Validity, and Standardization ......Page 120
  Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician and the Client ......Page 122
  The Neurological Examination ......Page 123
  The Neuropsychological Examination ......Page 125
  Assessment Interviews ......Page 126
  The Clinical Observation of Behavior ......Page 127
  Developments in Practice: the Automated Practice: Use of the Computer in Psychological Testing ......Page 128
 The Case of Andrea C.: Experiencing Violence in the Workplace ......Page 134
  Developments in Practice: Computer-based Mmpi-2 Report for Andrea C. ......Page 136
  Ethical Issues in Assessment ......Page 138
  Differing Models of Classifi Cation ......Page 139
  Formal Diagnostic Classifi Cation of Mental Disorders ......Page 140
  Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Completion Does Not Assure Acceptance ......Page 143
 Key Terms ......Page 144
5 Stress and Physical and Mental Health ......Page 145
 What Is Stress? ......Page 146
  Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress ......Page 147
  Measuring Life Stress ......Page 148
 Stress and the Stress Response ......Page 149
  Understanding the Immune System ......Page 150
  Stress, Depression, and the Immune System ......Page 152
 Cardiovascular Disease ......Page 153
  Hypertension ......Page 154
  Risk and Causal Factors in Cardiovascular Disease ......Page 155
  The World Around Us Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in African Americans ......Page 158
  Psychological Interventions ......Page 159
 Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment ......Page 161
 Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ......Page 162
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria for Ptsd ......Page 163
 Clinical Description ......Page 164
 Rates of Ptsd After Traumatic Experiences ......Page 165
 Individual Risk Factors ......Page 169
 Sociocultural Factors ......Page 170
 Long-term Effects of Posttraumatic Stress ......Page 171
 The World Around Us Does Playing Tetris After a Traumatic Event Reduce Flashbacks? ......Page 172
 Psychological Debriefi Ng ......Page 173
 The World Around Us Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment for Ptsd in Military Personnel ......Page 174
 Trauma and Physical Health ......Page 175
 Summary ......Page 176
 Key Terms ......Page 177
6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders ......Page 178
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Why Is Ocd No Longer Considered to Be an Anxiety Disorder? ......Page 180
 Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities ......Page 181
 Specifi C Phobias ......Page 182
 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences ......Page 183
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 184
 Treatments ......Page 186
 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences ......Page 187
 Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (social Phobia) ......Page 188
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 189
 Treatments ......Page 190
 Panic Disorder ......Page 191
 Criteria for Panic Disorder ......Page 192
 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences ......Page 193
 Comorbidity with Other Disorders ......Page 194
 Biological Causal Factors ......Page 195
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 197
 Developments in Research: Nocturnal Panic Attacks ......Page 199
 Treatments ......Page 200
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder ......Page 201
 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences ......Page 202
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 203
 Biological Causal Factors ......Page 205
 Treatments ......Page 206
 Obsessive-compulsive Disorder ......Page 207
 Criteria for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder ......Page 208
 Comorbidity with Other Disorders ......Page 209
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 210
 Biological Causal Factors ......Page 211
 Treatments ......Page 213
 Body Dysmorphic Disorder ......Page 214
 Criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder ......Page 215
 Hoarding Disorder ......Page 217
 Cultural Perspectives ......Page 218
 Taijin Kyofusho ......Page 219
 Summary ......Page 220
 Key Terms ......Page 221
7 Mood Disorders and Suicide ......Page 222
 Developments in Thinking: a New Dsm-5 Diagnosis: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ......Page 227
 Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) ......Page 228
 Major Depressive Disorder ......Page 229
 Biological Causal Factors ......Page 232
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 237
 Developments in Research: Why Do Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression Emerge During Adolescence? ......Page 245
 Cyclothymic Disorder ......Page 247
 Bipolar Disorders (i and Ii) ......Page 248
 Biological Causal Factors ......Page 251
 Psychological Causal Factors ......Page 253
 Cross-cultural Differences in Prevalence ......Page 254
 Pharmacotherapy ......Page 255
 Alternative Biological Treatments ......Page 257
 Psychotherapy ......Page 258
 Suicide: the Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern ......Page 261
 Suicide in Adolescents and Young Adults ......Page 262
 Other Psychosocial Factors Associated with Suicide ......Page 263
 Biological Causal Factors ......Page 264
 Sociocultural Factors ......Page 265
 Communication of Suicidal Intent ......Page 266
 Crisis Intervention ......Page 267
 Unresolved Issues Is There a Right to Die? ......Page 268
 Summary ......Page 270
 Key Terms ......Page 271
8 Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders ......Page 272
 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders ......Page 273
 Criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder ......Page 274
 Somatization Disorder ......Page 277
 Pain Disorder ......Page 278
 Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder ......Page 279
 Criteria for Conversion Disorder ......Page 280
 Distinguishing Somatization, Pain, and Conversion Disorders from Malingering and Factitious Disorder ......Page 282
 Dissociative Disorders ......Page 283
 Depersonalization/derealization Disorder ......Page 285
 Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue ......Page 286
 Criteria for Dissociative Amnesia ......Page 287
 Dissociative Identity Disorder (did) ......Page 288
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Where Does Conversion Disorder Belong? ......Page 289
 Criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder ......Page 290
 The World Around Us Did, Schizophrenia, and Split Personality: Clearing Up the Confusion ......Page 291
 Sociocultural Factors in Dissociative Disorders ......Page 296
 Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders ......Page 297
 Unresolved Issues Did and the Reality of “recovered Memories” ......Page 298
 Key Terms ......Page 300
9 Eating Disorders and Obesity ......Page 301
 Anorexia Nervosa ......Page 302
 Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa ......Page 303
 Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa ......Page 305
 Criteria for Binge-eating Disorder ......Page 306
 Age of Onset and Gender Differences ......Page 307
 Prevalence of Eating Disorders ......Page 308
 Medical Complications of Eating Disorders ......Page 309
 Diagnostic Crossover ......Page 310
 Eating Disorders Across Cultures ......Page 311
 Biological Factors ......Page 313
 Sociocultural Factors ......Page 314
 Individual Risk Factors ......Page 315
 Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa ......Page 318
 Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa ......Page 320
 The Problem of Obesity ......Page 321
 Weight Stigma ......Page 322
 The Role of Genes ......Page 323
 Sociocultural Infl Uences ......Page 324
 Family Infl Uences ......Page 325
 Pathways to Obesity ......Page 326
 Lifestyle Modifi Cations ......Page 327
 Bariatric Surgery ......Page 328
 Summary ......Page 329
 Key Terms ......Page 330
10 Personality Disorders ......Page 331
 Clinical Features of Personality Disorders ......Page 332
 Diffi Culties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders ......Page 334
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Why Were No Changes Made to the Way Personality Disorders Are Diagnosed? ......Page 335
 Diffi Culties in Studying the Causes of Personality Disorders ......Page 336
 Paranoid Personality Disorder ......Page 337
 Criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder ......Page 338
 Schizoid Personality Disorder ......Page 339
 Schizotypal Personality Disorder ......Page 340
 Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder ......Page 341
 Histrionic Personality Disorder ......Page 342
 Criteria for Histrionic Personality Disorder ......Page 343
 Criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder ......Page 344
 Antisocial Personality Disorder ......Page 345
 Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder ......Page 346
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Nonsuicidal Self-injury: Distinct Disorder or Symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder? ......Page 347
 Avoidant Personality Disorder ......Page 349
 Criteria for Avoidant Personality Disorder ......Page 350
 Dependent Personality Disorder ......Page 351
 Criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder ......Page 352
 Criteria for Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder ......Page 353
 Treatments and Outcomes for Personality Disorders ......Page 354
 Treating Borderline Personality Disorder ......Page 355
 Treating Other Personality Disorders ......Page 356
 Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder ......Page 357
 The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder ......Page 358
 Causal Factors in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality ......Page 360
 The World Around Us “successful” Psychopaths ......Page 362
 A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality ......Page 363
 Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality ......Page 366
 Developments in Practice: Prevention of Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder ......Page 367
 Summary ......Page 368
 Key Terms ......Page 369
11 Substance-related Disorders ......Page 370
 Prevalence of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in India ......Page 372
 Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder ......Page 373
 The Clinical Picture of Alcohol Related Disorders ......Page 374
 Developments in Research: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: How Much Drinking Is Too Much? ......Page 376
 Biological Causal Factors in the Abuse of and Dependence on Alcohol ......Page 378
 Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence ......Page 380
 The World Around Us Binge Drinking in College ......Page 383
 Treatment of Alcohol-related Disorders ......Page 384
 Drug Abuse and Dependence ......Page 388
 Opium and Its Derivatives (narcotics) ......Page 389
 Cocaine and Amphetamines (stimulants) ......Page 392
 Methamphetamine ......Page 394
 Barbiturates (sedatives) ......Page 395
 Hallucinogens: Lsd and Related Drugs ......Page 396
 Marijuana ......Page 397
 The World Around Us Should Marijuana Be Marketed and Sold Openly as a Medication? ......Page 399
 Stimulants: Caffeine and Nicotine ......Page 400
 Gambling Disorder ......Page 401
 Criteria for Gambling Disorder ......Page 402
 Unresolved Issues Exchanging Addictions: Is This an Effective Treatment Approach? ......Page 403
 Summary ......Page 404
 Key Terms ......Page 405
12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions ......Page 406
 Case 1: Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory ......Page 408
 Case 3: Homosexuality and American Psychiatry ......Page 409
 The Paraphilias ......Page 411
 Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias ......Page 416
 Gender Dysphoria ......Page 417
 Criteria for Gender Dysphoria ......Page 418
 Criteria for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults ......Page 419
 Childhood Sexual Abuse ......Page 421
 Pedophilic Disorder ......Page 423
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Pedophilia and Hebephilia ......Page 424
 Rape ......Page 425
 Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders ......Page 428
 The World Around Us Megan’s Law ......Page 429
 Sexual Dysfunctions ......Page 430
 Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder ......Page 431
 Female Sexual Interest/arousal Disorder ......Page 434
 Unresolved Issues How Harmful Is Childhood Sexual Abuse? ......Page 437
 Summary ......Page 438
 Key Terms ......Page 439
13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders ......Page 440
 Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct ......Page 441
 Epidemiology ......Page 442
 Delusions ......Page 443
 Hallucinations ......Page 444
 Positive and Negative Symptoms ......Page 445
 Other Psychotic Disorders ......Page 446
 Criteria for Schizophreniform Disorder ......Page 447
 Genetic Factors ......Page 448
 The World Around Us the Genain Quadruplets ......Page 450
 Prenatal Exposures ......Page 454
 Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: a Synthesis ......Page 455
 A Neurodevelopmental Perspective ......Page 456
 Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities ......Page 457
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome ......Page 458
 Psychosocial and Cultural Factors ......Page 465
 A Diathesis-stress Model of Schizophrenia ......Page 468
 Clinical Outcome ......Page 470
 Unresolved Issues the Outcome of Schizophrenia in India ......Page 471
 Psychosocial Approaches ......Page 473
 Summary ......Page 476
 Key Terms ......Page 477
14 Neurocognitive Disorders ......Page 478
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: Is the Inclusion of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder a Good Idea? ......Page 480
 Diffuse Versus Focal Damage ......Page 481
 Delirium ......Page 483
 Clinical Picture ......Page 484
 Parkinson’s Disease ......Page 485
 Alzheimer’s Disease ......Page 486
 Developments in Research: Depression Increases the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease ......Page 490
 The World Around Us Nutrition and Exercise for a Healthier Brain ......Page 493
 Neurocognitive Disorder Associated with Hiv-1 Infection ......Page 494
 Amnestic Disorder ......Page 495
 Clinical Picture ......Page 496
 Treatments and Outcomes ......Page 498
 The World Around Us Brain Damage in Professional Athletes ......Page 499
 Unresolved Issues Should Healthy People Use Cognitive Enhancers? ......Page 500
 Key Terms ......Page 501
15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence (neurodevelopmental Disorders) ......Page 502
 Special Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children ......Page 504
 Attention-defi Cit/hyperactivity Disorder ......Page 505
 Criteria for Attention-defi Cit/hyperactivity Disorder ......Page 506
 Criteria for Conduct Disorder ......Page 509
 Criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder ......Page 512
 Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder ......Page 514
 Developments in Research: Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Is There an Epidemic? ......Page 516
 Elimination Disorders (enuresis, Encopresis), Sleepwalking, and Tics ......Page 517
 Encopresis ......Page 518
 Tic Disorders ......Page 519
 Autism Spectrum Disorder ......Page 520
 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder ......Page 521
 Developments in Practice: Can Virtual Reality Video Games Improve Treatment of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders? ......Page 524
 Treatments and Outcomes ......Page 525
 Intellectual Disability ......Page 526
 Causal Factors in Intellectual Disability ......Page 527
 Organic Retardation Syndromes ......Page 528
 Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention ......Page 531
 Special Factors Associated with Treatment of Children and Adolescents ......Page 533
 The World Around Us the Impact of Child Abuse on Psychological Adjustment ......Page 534
 Child Advocacy Programs ......Page 535
 Unresolved Issues Can Society Deal with Delinquent Behavior? ......Page 536
 Summary ......Page 538
 Key Terms ......Page 539
16 Therapy ......Page 540
 Why Do People Seek Therapy? ......Page 541
 Who Provides Psychotherapeutic Services? ......Page 542
 The Therapeutic Relationship ......Page 543
 Objectifying and Quantifying Change ......Page 544
 Can Therapy Be Harmful? ......Page 545
 Evidence-based Treatment ......Page 546
 Combined Treatments ......Page 547
 Behavior Therapy ......Page 548
 Cognitive and Cognitive-behavioral Therapy ......Page 550
 Humanistic-experiential Therapies ......Page 552
 Psychodynamic Therapies ......Page 554
 Couple and Family Therapy ......Page 557
 Eclecticism and Integration ......Page 558
 The World Around Us Yoga, Meditation, and Other Traditional Indian Approaches to Mental Healing ......Page 559
 Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity ......Page 560
 Antidepressant Drugs ......Page 561
 Lithium and Other Mood-stabilizing Drugs ......Page 565
 Thinking Critically About Dsm-5: What Are Some of the Clinical Implications of the Recent Changes? ......Page 566
 Electroconvulsive Therapy ......Page 567
 Neurosurgery ......Page 568
 The World Around Us Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-resistant Depression ......Page 569
 Unresolved Issues Do Psychiatric Medications Help or Harm? ......Page 570
 Summary ......Page 571
 Key Terms ......Page 572
17 Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology ......Page 573
 Perspectives on Prevention ......Page 574
 Universal Interventions ......Page 575
 Selective Interventions ......Page 576
 The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community ......Page 578
 Deinstitutionalization ......Page 580
 Civil Commitment ......Page 581
 The World Around Us Policies and Legislation Related to Mental Health in India ......Page 582
 Assessment of “dangerousness” ......Page 583
 The World Around Us Controversial Not Guilty Pleas: Can Altered Mind States or Personality Disorder Limit Responsibility for a Criminal Act? ......Page 584
 The Insanity Defense ......Page 586
 Does Having Mental Health Problems Result in Convicted Felons Being Returned to Prison After Being Released? ......Page 589
 India’s Efforts for Mental Health ......Page 590
 International Efforts for Mental Health ......Page 591
 The Need for Planning ......Page 592
 The Individual’s Contribution ......Page 593
 Unresolved Issues the Hmos and Mental Health Care ......Page 594
 Key Terms ......Page 596
Glossary ......Page 597
References ......Page 622
Credits ......Page 725
Name Index ......Page 731
Subject Index ......Page 746