Abnormal Psychology , Eleventh Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
Brief Contents......Page 17
Contents......Page 18
1: Introduction and Historical Overview......Page 25
Defining Mental Disorder......Page 28
Personal Distress......Page 29
Violation of Social Norms......Page 30
Dysfunction......Page 31
Early Demonology......Page 32
The Dark Ages and Demonology......Page 33
Development of Asylums......Page 35
Biological Approaches......Page 38
Psychological Approaches......Page 40
The Mental Health Professions......Page 49
Summary......Page 50
2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology......Page 52
The Genetic Paradigm......Page 53
Behavior Genetics......Page 54
Molecular Genetics......Page 55
Gene–Environment Interactions......Page 56
Evaluating the Genetic Paradigm......Page 57
Neurons and Neurotransmitters......Page 58
Structure and Function of the Human Brain......Page 60
Neuroscience Approaches to Treatment......Page 62
Evaluating the Neuroscience Paradigm......Page 64
The Role of the Unconscious......Page 65
The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships......Page 66
Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapies......Page 67
Influences from Behavior Therapy......Page 68
Cognitive Science......Page 70
Cognitive Behavior Therapy......Page 71
Evaluating the Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm......Page 72
Emotion and Psychopathology......Page 73
Sociocultural Factors and Psychopathology......Page 75
Diathesis–Stress: An Integrative Paradigm......Page 77
Multiple Perspectives on a Clinical Problem......Page 79
Summary......Page 80
3: Diagnosis and Assessment......Page 82
Reliability......Page 83
Validity......Page 84
Classification and Diagnosis......Page 85
The Diagnostic System of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV-TR)......Page 86
Specific Criticisms of the DSM......Page 94
General Criticisms of Diagnosing Mental Illness......Page 97
Clinical Interviews......Page 98
Assessment of Stress......Page 100
Personality Tests......Page 103
Intelligence Tests......Page 108
Behavioral and Cognitive Assessment......Page 109
Neurobiological Assessment......Page 112
Brain Imaging: “Seeing” the Brain......Page 113
Neurotransmitter Assessment......Page 114
Neuropsychological Assessment......Page 115
Psychophysiological Assessment......Page 116
A Cautionary Note about Neurobiological Assessment......Page 117
Cultural Bias in Assessment......Page 118
Strategies for Avoiding Cultural Bias in Assessment......Page 119
Summary......Page 120
Science and Scientific Methods......Page 122
The Case Study......Page 124
The Correlational Method......Page 125
The Experiment......Page 134
Integrating the Findings of Multiple Studies......Page 140
Summary......Page 142
5: Anxiety Disorders......Page 143
Phobias......Page 145
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia......Page 147
Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 148
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 149
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder......Page 150
Gender......Page 152
Culture......Page 153
Common Risk Factors across the Anxiety Disorders......Page 154
Neurobiological Factors: The Fear Circuit and the Activity of Neurotransmitters......Page 155
Cognitive Factors: Perceived Control and Attending to Threat......Page 156
Etiology of Specific Phobias......Page 158
Etiology of Social Phobia......Page 160
Etiology of Panic Disorder......Page 161
Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 164
Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 166
Treatments of the Anxiety Disorders......Page 169
Psychological Treatments of Specific Anxiety Disorders......Page 170
Medications That Reduce Anxiety......Page 176
Summary......Page 177
6: Dissociative Disorders and Somatoform Disorders......Page 179
Dissociation and Memory......Page 181
Dissociative Amnesia......Page 182
Depersonalization Disorder......Page 184
Dissociative Identity Disorder......Page 185
Somatoform Disorders......Page 191
Pain Disorder......Page 193
Body Dysmorphic Disorder......Page 194
Somatization Disorder......Page 195
Conversion Disorder......Page 197
Etiology of Conversion Disorder......Page 198
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders Other Than Conversion Disorder......Page 201
Treatment of Somatoform Disorders......Page 202
Summary......Page 206
7: Stress and Health......Page 207
What Is Stress?......Page 208
Coping and Health......Page 210
Social Support and Health......Page 211
Understanding the Stress–Illness Link......Page 212
Neurobiological Perspectives......Page 213
Cognitive and Personality Perspectives......Page 215
Essential Hypertension......Page 216
Coronary Heart Disease......Page 219
Asthma......Page 221
Clinical Description......Page 222
Etiology......Page 223
AIDS......Page 224
AIDS Prevention Efforts......Page 225
Gender and Health......Page 228
Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Health......Page 230
Treating Hypertension and Reducing the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease......Page 232
Reducing Anger and Hostility, Depression, and Social Isolation......Page 233
Stress Management......Page 234
Summary......Page 236
8: Mood Disorders......Page 238
Depressive Disorders......Page 239
Bipolar Disorders......Page 243
Subtypes of Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders......Page 246
Neurobiological Factors in Mood Disorders......Page 247
Social Factors in Depression: Life Events and Interpersonal Difficulties......Page 254
Psychological Factors in Depression......Page 255
Social and Psychological Factors in Bipolar Disorder......Page 260
Psychological Treatment of Depression......Page 261
Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder......Page 264
Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders......Page 265
A Final Note on the Treatment of Depression......Page 269
Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicide Attempts......Page 270
Models of Suicide......Page 271
Preventing Suicide......Page 273
Summary......Page 275
9: Eating Disorders......Page 277
Anorexia Nervosa......Page 278
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 280
Binge Eating Disorder......Page 283
Genetic Factors......Page 285
Neurobiological Factors......Page 286
Psychodynamic Views......Page 287
Cognitive Behavioral Views......Page 288
Sociocultural Factors......Page 290
Other Factors Contributing to the Etiology of Eating Disorders......Page 294
Medications......Page 296
Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa......Page 297
Psychological Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa......Page 298
Psychological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder......Page 299
Preventive Interventions for Eating Disorders......Page 300
Summary......Page 301
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Effects of Substance-Related Disorders......Page 302
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence......Page 304
Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking......Page 308
Marijuana......Page 309
Opiates......Page 313
Stimulants......Page 315
Hallucinogens, Ecstasy, and PCP......Page 318
Etiology of Substance-Related Disorders......Page 321
Genetic Factors......Page 322
Neurobiological Factors......Page 323
Psychological Factors......Page 324
Sociocultural Factors......Page 326
Treatment of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence......Page 329
Treatment of Nicotine Dependence......Page 334
Treatment of Illicit Drug Abuse and Dependence......Page 336
Prevention of Substance-Related Disorders......Page 340
Summary......Page 342
11: Schizophrenia......Page 343
Positive Symptoms......Page 345
Negative Symptoms......Page 347
Disorganized Symptoms......Page 348
Other Symptoms......Page 349
Schizophrenia in DSM-IV-TR......Page 350
Other Psychotic Disorders in the DSM-IV-TR......Page 351
Genetic Factors......Page 352
Neurotransmitters......Page 356
Brain Structure and Function......Page 358
Psychological Stress......Page 361
Developmental Studies......Page 364
Medications......Page 366
Psychological Treatments......Page 370
Remaining Challenges in the Treatment of Schizophrenia......Page 375
Summary......Page 376
12: Personality Disorders......Page 378
The DSM Approach to Classification......Page 380
A Dimensional Approach to Personality: The Five-Factor Model......Page 383
Schizoid Personality Disorder......Page 384
Etiology of the Personality Disorders in the Odd/Eccentric Cluster......Page 385
Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 386
Narcissistic Personality Disorder......Page 389
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy......Page 391
Dependent Personality Disorder......Page 396
Etiology of the Personality Disorders in the Anxious/Fearful Cluster......Page 397
Treatment of Personality Disorders......Page 399
Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 400
Treatment of Psychopathy......Page 403
Summary......Page 404
Sexual Norms and Behavior......Page 405
Gender and Sexuality......Page 406
The Sexual Response Cycle......Page 408
Clinical Descriptions of Sexual Dysfunctions......Page 409
Etiology of Sexual Dysfunctions......Page 413
Treatments of Sexual Dysfunctions......Page 416
Clinical Description of Gender Identity Disorder......Page 420
Etiology of Gender Identity Disorder......Page 421
Treatments of Gender Identity Disorder......Page 422
The Paraphilias......Page 424
Transvestic Fetishism......Page 425
Pedophilia and Incest......Page 427
Frotteurism......Page 429
Etiology of the Paraphilias......Page 430
Treatments for the Paraphilias......Page 432
Rape......Page 435
The Crime......Page 436
Psychological Treatment for Rapists......Page 437
Summary......Page 438
14: Disorders of Childhood......Page 440
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Prognosis of ADHD......Page 442
Etiology of ADHD......Page 446
Treatment of ADHD......Page 448
Conduct Disorder......Page 450
Clinical Description, Prevalence, and Prognosis of Conduct Disorder......Page 451
Etiology of Conduct Disorder......Page 452
Treatment of Conduct Disorder......Page 454
Depression......Page 457
Anxiety......Page 460
Learning Disabilities......Page 465
Etiology of Learning Disabilities......Page 466
Diagnosis and Assessment of Mental Retardation......Page 468
Etiology of Mental Retardation......Page 471
Treatment of Mental Retardation......Page 473
Autistic Disorder......Page 474
Clinical Descriptions......Page 475
Etiology of Autistic Disorder......Page 479
Treatment of Autistic Disorder......Page 481
Summary......Page 483
15: Late Life and Psychological Disorders......Page 485
Aging: Issues and Methods......Page 486
Myths about Late Life......Page 487
The Problems Experienced in Late Life......Page 488
Research Methods in the Study of Aging......Page 489
Dementia......Page 491
Delirium......Page 498
Prevalence: How Common Are Psychological Disorders in Late Life?......Page 500
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 502
Anxiety Disorders......Page 505
Delusional (Paranoid) Disorders......Page 506
Substance Abuse and Dependence......Page 507
Adjusting Treatment with Older Adults......Page 508
Living Situations: Community Living, Nursing Homes, and Other Alternatives
......Page 509
Nursing Homes......Page 510
Alternative Living Settings......Page 511
Summary......Page 512
Specific Treatment Approaches......Page 514
Experiential Therapies......Page 515
Behavioral Therapies......Page 517
Cognitive Treatment......Page 518
Couples Therapy......Page 519
Family Therapy......Page 521
Treatment Outcome Research......Page 523
Issues in Treatment Outcome Research......Page 525
The Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials......Page 529
The Importance of Culture and Ethnicity in Psychological Treatment......Page 532
Common Factors Research......Page 536
Mechanisms of Change Research......Page 537
Community Psychology and Prevention Science......Page 538
Summary......Page 539
17: Legal and Ethical Issues......Page 541
Criminal Commitment......Page 542
The Insanity Defense......Page 543
Competency to Stand Trial......Page 548
Insanity, Mental Retardation, and Capital Punishment......Page 551
Civil Commitment......Page 554
Preventive Detention and Problems in the Prediction of Dangerousness......Page 555
Toward Greater Protection of Patients’ Rights......Page 557
Deinstitutionalization, Civil Liberties, and Mental Health......Page 562
Ethical Restraints on Research......Page 565
Informed Consent......Page 566
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication......Page 567
Summary......Page 568
Glossary......Page 571
References......Page 583
Quotation and Illustration Credits......Page 639
Name Index......Page 641
Subject Index......Page 657