Abnormal Psychology, Global Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Features......Page 14
What\'s New in DSM-5? A Quick Guide......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 21
About the Authors......Page 24
1 Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches......Page 26
  Indicators of Abnormality......Page 28
 The World Around Us Extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior?......Page 31
  The DSM-5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder......Page 32
  What Are the Disadvantages of Classification?......Page 33
  How Can We Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward People Who Are Mentally Ill?......Page 34
 Culture and Abnormality......Page 35
  Prevalence and Incidence......Page 37
  Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders......Page 38
  Treatment......Page 40
 Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology......Page 41
  Case Studies......Page 42
  Observational Approaches......Page 43
 Forming and Testing Hypotheses......Page 44
  Sampling and Generalization......Page 45
  Criterion and Comparison Groups......Page 46
  Measuring Correlation......Page 47
  Statistical Significance......Page 48
  Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies......Page 49
 The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology......Page 50
  Studying the Efficacy of Therapy......Page 51
 Developments in Research Do Magnets Help with Repetitive-Stress Injury?......Page 52
 Unresolved Issues Are We All Becoming Mentally Ill? The Expanding Horizons of Mental Disorder......Page 54
  Summary......Page 55
  Key Terms......Page 56
2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior......Page 57
 Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior......Page 58
  Hippocrates\' Early Medical Concepts......Page 59
 Developments in Thinking Melancholia Through the Ages......Page 60
  Later Greek and Roman Thought......Page 61
  Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages......Page 62
  The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe......Page 64
  The Establishment of Early Asylums......Page 65
  Humanitarian Reform......Page 66
  Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 70
  Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century......Page 71
  Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder......Page 73
  The Development of a Classification System......Page 74
 Developments in Research The Search for Medications to Cure Mental Disorders......Page 75
  The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology......Page 78
 Unresolved Issues Interpreting Historical Events......Page 81
  Summary......Page 83
  Key Terms......Page 84
3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints......Page 85
  Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes......Page 86
  Diathesis-Stress Models......Page 88
 The Biological Perspective......Page 91
  Genetic Vulnerabilities......Page 92
 Developments in Thinking Nature, Nurture, and Psychopathology: A New Look at an Old Topic......Page 96
  Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity......Page 97
  Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones......Page 98
  Temperament......Page 100
 The Psychological Perspective......Page 101
  The Psychodynamic Perspective......Page 102
 Developments in Thinking The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives......Page 107
  The Behavioral Perspective......Page 108
  The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective......Page 111
  What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do......Page 114
  Early Deprivation or Trauma......Page 115
  Problems in Parenting Style......Page 118
  Marital Discord and Divorce......Page 120
  Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment......Page 121
  Maladaptive Peer Relationships......Page 122
  Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity......Page 123
  Universal and Culture-Specific Symptoms of Disorders......Page 124
  Culture and Over- and Undercontrolled Behavior......Page 125
 The World Around Us Culture and Attachment Relationships......Page 126
 Unresolved Issues Theoretical Perspectives and the Causes of Abnormal Behavior......Page 127
  Summary......Page 128
  Key Terms......Page 129
4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 131
  The Relationship Between Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 132
  Taking a Social or Behavioral History......Page 133
  The Influence of Professional Orientation......Page 134
  Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician and the Client......Page 135
  The Neurological Examination......Page 136
  The Neuropsychological Examination......Page 139
  Assessment Interviews......Page 140
  The Clinical Observation of Behavior......Page 141
  Psychological Tests......Page 142
 Developments in Practice The Automated Practice: Use of the Computer in Psychological Testing......Page 143
 The Case of Andrea C.: Experiencing Violence in the Workplace......Page 150
 Developments in Practice Computer-Based MMPI-2 Report for Andrea C.......Page 151
  Ethical Issues in Assessment......Page 153
  Differing Models of Classification......Page 154
  Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders......Page 155
 Unresolved Issues The DSM-5: Issues in Acceptance of Changed Diagnostic Criteria......Page 158
  Summary......Page 159
  Key Terms......Page 160
5 Stress and Physical and Mental Health......Page 161
 What Is Stress?......Page 162
  Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress......Page 163
  Characteristics of Stressors......Page 164
  Resilience......Page 165
 Stress and Physical Health......Page 166
  The Stress Response......Page 167
  Understanding the Immune System......Page 168
  Stress and Cytokines......Page 170
  Chronic Stress and Inflammation......Page 171
 The World Around Us Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in African Americans......Page 172
  Personality......Page 174
  Depression......Page 175
  Positive Emotions......Page 176
  Psychological Interventions......Page 178
  Adjustment Disorder......Page 180
  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 181
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD......Page 182
 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Causes and Risk Factors......Page 183
 DSM-5 Criteria for… Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 184
  Rates of PTSD after Traumatic Experiences......Page 185
  Individual Risk Factors......Page 187
  Biological Factors......Page 188
  Sociocultural Factors......Page 189
  Prevention......Page 190
 The World Around Us Does Playing Tetris After a Traumatic Event Reduce Flashbacks?......Page 191
  Treatment for Stress Disorders......Page 192
  Trauma and Physical Health......Page 193
 The World Around Us Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment for PTSD in Military Personnel......Page 194
  Summary......Page 195
  Key Terms......Page 197
6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders......Page 198
  Fear......Page 199
  Anxiety......Page 200
 Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities......Page 201
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Specific Phobia......Page 202
  Psychological Causal Factors......Page 204
  Treatments......Page 206
  Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences......Page 208
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)......Page 209
  Biological Causal Factors......Page 210
  Treatments......Page 211
 Panic Disorder......Page 212
  Agoraphobia......Page 213
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Agoraphobia......Page 214
  The Timing of a First Panic Attack......Page 215
  Biological Causal Factors......Page 216
  Psychological Causal Factors......Page 217
 Developments in Research Nocturnal Panic Attacks......Page 219
  Treatments......Page 220
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 222
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 223
  Psychological Causal Factors......Page 224
  Biological Causal Factors......Page 226
  Treatments......Page 227
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Why Is OCD No Longer Considered to Be an Anxiety Disorder?......Page 228
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 230
  Psychological Causal Factors......Page 231
  Biological Causal Factors......Page 233
  Treatments......Page 235
  Body Dysmorphic Disorder......Page 237
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Body Dysmorphic Disorder......Page 238
  Trichotillomania......Page 240
 The World Around Us Taijin Kyofusho......Page 241
 Unresolved Issues The Choice of Treatments: Medications or Cognitive-Behavior Therapy?......Page 242
  Summary......Page 243
  Key Terms......Page 244
7 Mood Disorders and Suicide......Page 245
  Types of Mood Disorders......Page 246
  The Prevalence of Mood Disorders......Page 247
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Manic Episode......Page 248
  Major Depressive Disorder......Page 249
  Persistent Depressive Disorder......Page 252
  Other Forms of Depression......Page 253
 Developments in Thinking A New DSM-5 Diagnosis: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder......Page 254
  Biological Causal Factors......Page 255
  Psychological Causal Factors......Page 260
 Developments in Research Why Do Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression Emerge During Adolescence?......Page 268
  Bipolar Disorders (I and II)......Page 271
  Biological Causal Factors......Page 274
 Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders......Page 276
 Treatments and Outcomes......Page 277
  Pharmacotherapy......Page 278
  Alternative Biological Treatments......Page 280
  Psychotherapy......Page 281
 Suicide: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern......Page 284
  Who Attempts and Dies by Suicide?......Page 285
  Psychological Disorders......Page 286
  Other Psychosocial Factors Associated with Suicide......Page 287
  Theoretical Models of Suicidal Behavior......Page 288
  Crisis Intervention......Page 289
 Unresolved Issues Is There a Right to Die?......Page 290
  Summary......Page 291
  Key Terms......Page 293
8 Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders......Page 294
 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: An Overview......Page 295
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Somatic Symptom Disorder......Page 296
  Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder......Page 297
  Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorder......Page 300
 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)......Page 301
  Range of Conversion Disorder Symptoms......Page 302
  Prevalence and Demographic Characteristics......Page 303
  Causes of Conversion Disorders......Page 304
  Treatment of Conversion Disorder......Page 305
 Factitious Disorder......Page 306
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Factitious Disorder......Page 307
 Dissociative Disorders: An Overview......Page 308
 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder......Page 309
 Dissociative Amnesia......Page 311
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dissociative Amnesia......Page 313
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Where Does Conversion Disorder Belong?......Page 314
 Dissociative Identity Disorder......Page 315
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dissociative Identity Disorder......Page 316
  Causal Factors and Controversies about DID......Page 317
  Current Perspectives......Page 321
  Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders......Page 322
 Unresolved Issues DID and the Reality of \"Recovered Memories\"......Page 324
  Summary......Page 325
  Key Terms......Page 327
9 Eating Disorders and Obesity......Page 328
  Anorexia Nervosa......Page 329
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Anorexia Nervosa......Page 330
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Bulimia Nervosa......Page 332
  Binge-Eating Disorder......Page 333
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Binge-Eating Disorder......Page 334
  Age of Onset and Gender Differences......Page 335
  Prevalence of Eating Disorders......Page 336
  Medical Complications of Eating Disorders......Page 337
  Diagnostic Crossover......Page 338
  Association of Eating Disorders with Other Forms of Psychopathology......Page 339
  Eating Disorders Across Cultures......Page 340
 The World Around Us Ethnic Identity and Disordered Eating......Page 341
  Biological Factors......Page 342
  Sociocultural Factors......Page 343
  Individual Risk Factors......Page 345
  Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa......Page 349
  Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa......Page 350
 Developments in Practice New Options for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa......Page 351
  Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder......Page 352
 The Problem of Obesity......Page 353
  Weight Stigma......Page 354
  The Role of Genes......Page 355
  Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight Regulation......Page 356
  Sociocultural Influences......Page 357
  Family Influences......Page 358
  Pathways to Obesity......Page 359
  Lifestyle Modifications......Page 360
  Bariatric Surgery......Page 361
  The Importance of Prevention......Page 362
 Unresolved Issues The Role of Public Policy in the Prevention of Obesity......Page 363
  Summary......Page 364
  Key Terms......Page 365
10 Personality Disorders......Page 366
 Clinical Features of Personality Disorders......Page 367
 Challenges in Personality Disorders Research......Page 369
  Difficulties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders......Page 370
  Difficulties in Studying the Causes of Personality Disorders......Page 371
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Why Were No Changes Made to the Way Personality Disorders Are Diagnosed?......Page 372
  Paranoid Personality Disorder......Page 373
  Schizoid Personality Disorder......Page 374
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizoid Personality Disorder......Page 375
  Schizotypal Personality Disorder......Page 376
  Histrionic Personality Disorder......Page 377
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Histrionic Personality Disorder......Page 378
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Narcissistic Personality Disorder......Page 379
  Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 380
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 381
  Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 384
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Distinct Disorder or Symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder?......Page 385
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 386
  Avoidant Personality Disorder......Page 389
  Dependent Personality Disorder......Page 390
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dependent Personality Disorder......Page 391
  Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder......Page 392
 General Sociocultural Causal Factors for Personality Disorders......Page 393
  Adapting Therapeutic Techniques to Specific Personality Disorders......Page 394
  Treating Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 395
  Treating Other Personality Disorders......Page 396
  Dimensions of Psychopathy......Page 397
 Developments in Research Are You Working for a Psychopath?......Page 400
  The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy......Page 401
  Causal Factors in Psychopathy......Page 402
  A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy......Page 404
  Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic Personality......Page 405
  Summary......Page 406
  Key Terms......Page 408
11 Substance-Related Disorders......Page 409
 Alcohol-Related Disorders......Page 410
  The Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Demographics of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence......Page 411
  The Clinical Picture of Alcohol-Related Disorders......Page 413
 Developments in Research Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: How Much Drinking Is Too Much?......Page 415
  Biological Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence......Page 417
  Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence......Page 419
 The World Around Us Binge Drinking in College......Page 421
  Use of Medications in Treating Alcohol Abuse and Dependency......Page 422
  Psychological Treatment Approaches......Page 423
  Alcoholics Anonymous......Page 424
  Outcome Studies and Issues in Treatment......Page 425
  Relapse Prevention......Page 426
 Drug Abuse and Dependence......Page 427
  Biological Effects of Morphine and Heroin......Page 428
  Social Effects of Morphine and Heroin......Page 429
  Neural Bases for Physiological Addiction......Page 430
  Cocaine......Page 431
  Amphetamines......Page 433
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Can Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria Result in Increased Drug Use?......Page 434
  Effects of Barbiturates......Page 436
  LSD......Page 437
  Ecstasy......Page 438
  Marijuana......Page 439
 The World Around Us Should Marijuana Be Marketed and Sold Openly as a Medication?......Page 440
 Gambling Disorder......Page 441
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gambling Disorder......Page 442
  Summary......Page 443
  Key Terms......Page 445
12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions......Page 446
 Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards......Page 447
  Case 1: Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory......Page 448
  Case 3: Homosexuality and American Psychiatry......Page 449
  Fetishistic Disorder......Page 451
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Several Different Paraphilic Disorders......Page 452
  Transvestic Disorder......Page 453
  Exhibitionistic Disorder......Page 454
  Sexual Sadism Disorder......Page 455
  Sexual Masochism Disorder......Page 456
  Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias......Page 457
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gender Dysphoria in Children......Page 458
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults......Page 459
  Transsexualism......Page 460
  Treatment for Transsexualism......Page 461
  Childhood Sexual Abuse......Page 462
  Pedophilic Disorder......Page 464
  Incest......Page 465
  Rape......Page 466
 The World Around Us Megan\'s Law......Page 469
 Sexual Dysfunctions......Page 471
  Sexual Dysfunctions in Men......Page 472
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Different Sexual Dysfunctions......Page 473
  Sexual Dysfunctions in Women......Page 477
 Unresolved Issues How Harmful Is Childhood Sexual Abuse?......Page 480
  Summary......Page 481
  Key Terms......Page 483
13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders......Page 484
  Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct......Page 485
  Epidemiology......Page 486
  Delusions......Page 487
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizophrenia......Page 488
  Hallucinations......Page 489
  Disorganized Speech......Page 490
  Negative Symptoms......Page 491
  Schizophreniform Disorder......Page 492
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Delusional Disorder......Page 493
  Genetic Factors......Page 494
 The World Around Us The Genain Quadruplets......Page 496
  Prenatal Exposures......Page 501
  Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: A Synthesis......Page 502
  A Neurodevelopmental Perspective......Page 503
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome......Page 505
 Neurocognition......Page 506
  Social Cognition......Page 507
  Affected Brain Areas......Page 508
  White Matter Problems......Page 509
  Brain Functioning......Page 510
  Cytoarchitecture......Page 511
  Synthesis......Page 512
  Neurochemistry......Page 513
  Do Bad Families Cause Schizophrenia?......Page 515
  Families and Relapse......Page 516
  Immigration......Page 517
  Cannabis Use and Abuse......Page 518
  A Diathesis-Stress Model of Schizophrenia......Page 519
  Clinical Outcome......Page 520
  Pharmacological Approaches......Page 521
  Psychosocial Approaches......Page 523
 Unresolved Issues Why Are Recovery Rates in Schizophrenia Not Improving?......Page 525
  Summary......Page 526
  Key Terms......Page 527
14 Neurocognitive Disorders......Page 528
 Brain Impairment in Adults......Page 529
  Clinical Signs of Brain Damage......Page 530
  Diffuse Versus Focal Damage......Page 531
  The Neurocognitive/Psychopathology Interaction......Page 533
  Clinical Picture......Page 534
 Major Neurocognitive Disorder......Page 535
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Major Neurocognitive Disorder......Page 536
 Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 537
  Clinical Picture......Page 538
  Prevalence......Page 539
  Causal Factors......Page 540
  Neuropathology......Page 542
  Early Detection......Page 544
 Developments in Research New Approaches to the Treatment of Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 545
  Supporting Caregivers......Page 546
  Neurocognitive Disorder Associated with HIV-1 Infection......Page 547
 Neurocognitive Disorder Characterized by Profound Memory Impairment (Amnestic Disorder)......Page 548
 Disorders Involving Head Injury......Page 549
  Clinical Picture......Page 550
  Treatments and Outcomes......Page 552
 The World Around Us Brain Damage in Professional Athletes......Page 553
 Unresolved Issues Should Healthy People Use Cognitive Enhancers?......Page 554
  Summary......Page 555
  Key Terms......Page 556
15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence (Neurodevelopmental Disorders)......Page 557
  The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders......Page 559
  Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence......Page 560
  Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder......Page 562
 Developments in Research Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Is There an Epidemic?......Page 564
 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder......Page 565
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Conduct Disorder......Page 566
  Causal Factors in ODD and CD......Page 567
  Treatments and Outcomes......Page 568
  Enuresis......Page 569
  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 570
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 571
  Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 574
 DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 576
  Tic Disorders......Page 577
 Developments in Practice Can Video Games Help Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders?......Page 578
 Specific Learning Disorders......Page 579
  Treatments and Outcomes......Page 580
 Intellectual Disability......Page 581
  Levels of Intellectual Disability......Page 582
  Causal Factors in Intellectual Disability......Page 583
  Organic Intellectual Disability Syndromes......Page 584
  Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention......Page 587
  Special Factors Associated with Treatment of Children and Adolescents......Page 588
  Family Therapy as a Means of Helping Children......Page 590
 Unresolved Issues How Should Society Deal with Delinquent Behavior?......Page 591
  Summary......Page 592
  Key Terms......Page 594
16 Psychological Treatment......Page 595
  Why Do People Seek Therapy?......Page 596
  The Therapeutic Relationship......Page 598
  Objectifying and Quantifying Change......Page 599
 The World Around Us When Therapy Harms......Page 601
  Evidence-Based Treatment......Page 602
  Combined Treatments......Page 603
  Behavior Therapy......Page 604
  Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy......Page 607
  Humanistic-Experiential Therapies......Page 609
  Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 612
  Couples and Family Therapy......Page 615
  Rebooting Psychotherapy......Page 616
  Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity......Page 617
  Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 618
  Antidepressant Drugs......Page 619
  Antianxiety Drugs......Page 622
  Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs......Page 623
 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 What Are Some of the Clinical Implications of the Recent Changes?......Page 624
  Nonmedicinal Biological Treatments......Page 625
 The World Around Us Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression......Page 628
 Unresolved Issues Do Psychiatric Medications Help or Harm?......Page 629
  Summary......Page 630
  Key Terms......Page 631
17 Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology......Page 632
 Perspectives on Prevention......Page 633
  Universal Interventions......Page 634
  Selective Interventions......Page 635
  The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community......Page 638
  Deinstitutionalization......Page 640
 The World Around Us Important Court Decisions for Patient Rights......Page 642
  Assessment of \"Dangerousness\"......Page 643
 The World Around Us Controversial Not Guilty Pleas: Can Altered Mind States or Personality Disorder Limit Responsibility for a Criminal Act?......Page 644
  The Insanity Defense......Page 647
  Competence to Stand Trial......Page 650
  Does Having Mental Health Problems Result in Convicted Felons Being Returned to Prison After Being Released?......Page 651
  U.S. Efforts for Mental Health......Page 652
 Challenges for the Future......Page 654
  The Individual\'s Contribution......Page 655
 Unresolved Issues The HMOs and Mental Health Care......Page 656
  Summary......Page 658
  Key Terms......Page 659
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