Abnormal Psychology, 7th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 27
Acknowledgments......Page 33
About the Authors......Page 35
1 EXAMPLES AND DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR......Page 37
Case Study: A Husband's Paranoid Schizophrenia......Page 38
Recognizing the Presence of a Disorder......Page 40
Harmful Dysfunction......Page 41
Culture and Diagnostic Practice......Page 43
Critical Thinking Matters: Is Sexual Addiction a Meaningful Concept?......Page 44
Case Study: A College Student's Eating Disorder......Page 45
Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations......Page 46
The Mental Health Professions......Page 48
The Creation of the Asylum......Page 50
Worcester Lunatic Hospital: A Model Institution......Page 51
Lessons from the History of Psychopathology......Page 52
The Uses and Limitations of Case Studies......Page 53
Research Methods: Who Must Provide Scientific Evidence?......Page 54
Clinical Research Methods......Page 55
Getting Help......Page 56
2 CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR......Page 59
Case Study: Meghan's Many Hardships......Page 60
The Biological Paradigm......Page 61
The Psychodynamic Paradigm......Page 62
The Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm......Page 63
The Problem with Paradigms......Page 64
Holism......Page 65
Research Methods: Correlations: Does a Psychology Major Make You Smarter?......Page 66
Causality......Page 67
The Neuron and Neurotransmitters......Page 68
Neurotransmitters and Psychopathology......Page 69
Major Brain Structures......Page 70
Cerebral Hemispheres......Page 71
Psychophysiology......Page 73
Behavior Genetics......Page 74
Critical Thinking Matters: Do Vaccinations Cause Autism?......Page 77
Human Nature......Page 79
Emotions......Page 80
The Sense of Self......Page 81
Stages of Development......Page 82
Close Relationships......Page 83
Prejudice, Poverty, and Society......Page 84
Getting Help......Page 85
3 TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS......Page 87
Case Study: Why Is Frances Depressed?......Page 88
Four Views of Frances......Page 89
Biological Treatments......Page 90
Psychopharmacology......Page 92
Freudian Psychoanalysis......Page 94
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy......Page 95
Other Exposure Therapies......Page 96
Research Methods: The Experimental Method: Does Therapy Cause Improvement?......Page 97
Cognitive Techniques......Page 98
Humanistic Therapies......Page 99
Does Psychotherapy Work?......Page 100
Critical Thinking Matters: Are All Therapies Created Equal?......Page 101
Psychotherapy Process Research......Page 104
Couple, Family, and Group Therapy......Page 106
Family Therapy......Page 107
Prevention......Page 108
Getting Help......Page 109
4 CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR......Page 111
Case Study: Obsessions, Compulsions, and Other Unusual Behaviors......Page 112
From Description to Theory......Page 114
The DSM-IV-TR System......Page 116
Culture and Classification......Page 117
Development of DSM-V (The Next Step)......Page 118
Validity......Page 119
Research Methods: Reliability: Agreement Regarding Diagnostic Decisions......Page 120
Problems and Limitations of the DSM-IV-TR System......Page 121
Purposes of Clinical Assessment......Page 122
Evaluating the Usefulness of Assessment Procedures......Page 123
Psychological Assessment Procedures......Page 124
Interviews......Page 125
Observational Procedures......Page 127
Personality Tests and Self-Report Inventories......Page 129
Projective Personality Tests......Page 131
Biological Assessment Procedures......Page 132
Brain Imaging Techniques......Page 133
Psychophysiological Assessment......Page 134
Getting Help......Page 136
5 MOOD DISORDERS AND SUICIDE......Page 138
Case Study: An Attorney's Major Depressive Episode......Page 140
Case Study: Debbie's Manic Episode......Page 141
Emotional Symptoms......Page 142
Somatic Symptoms......Page 143
Contemporary Diagnostic Systems......Page 144
Course and Outcome......Page 147
Incidence and Prevalence......Page 148
Risk for Mood Disorders Across the Life Span......Page 149
Causes......Page 150
Social Factors......Page 151
Psychological Factors......Page 153
Biological Factors......Page 155
Integration of Social, Psychological, and Biological Factors......Page 158
Research Methods: Analogue Studies: Do Rats Get Depressed, and Why?......Page 159
Unipolar Disorders......Page 160
Bipolar Disorders......Page 162
Critical Thinking Matters: Do Antidepressant Drugs Cause Violent Behavior?......Page 163
Seasonal Mood Disorders......Page 164
Classification of Suicide......Page 165
Frequency of Suicide......Page 167
Causes of Suicide......Page 168
Treatment of Suicidal People......Page 169
Getting Help......Page 171
6 ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 174
Case Study: A Writer's Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia......Page 175
Anxiety......Page 176
Panic Attacks......Page 177
Obsessions and Compulsions......Page 178
Case Study: Ed's Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder......Page 179
Brief Historical Perspective......Page 180
Contemporary Classification......Page 181
Prevalence......Page 183
Anxiety Across the Life Span......Page 184
Adaptive and Maladaptive Fears......Page 185
Social Factors......Page 186
Psychological Factors......Page 187
Biological Factors......Page 189
Critical Thinking Matters: Can a Strep Infection Trigger OCD in Children?......Page 191
Treatment......Page 192
Psychological Interventions......Page 193
Biological Interventions......Page 194
Research Methods: Statistical Significance: When Differences Matter......Page 195
Getting Help......Page 197
7 ACUTE AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS, DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS, AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS......Page 199
Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders......Page 200
Symptoms of ASD and PTSD......Page 201
Diagnosis of ASD and PTSD......Page 202
Frequency of Trauma, PTSD, and ASD......Page 205
Biological Effects of Exposure to Trauma......Page 207
Prevention and Treatment of ASD and PTSD......Page 209
Case Study: Dissociative Fugue—Dallae's Journey......Page 211
Hysteria and the Unconscious......Page 212
Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders......Page 213
Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders......Page 214
Critical Thinking Matters: Recovered Memories?......Page 215
Frequency of Dissociative Disorders......Page 217
Causes of Dissociative Disorders......Page 218
Research Methods: Retrospective Reports: Remembering the Past......Page 219
Somatoform Disorders......Page 220
Diagnosis of Somatoform Disorders......Page 221
Frequency of Somatoform Disorders......Page 224
Causes of Somatoform Disorders......Page 225
Treatment of Somatoform Disorders......Page 227
Getting Help......Page 228
8 STRESS AND PHYSICAL HEALTH......Page 230
Defining Stress......Page 232
Stress as a Life Event......Page 233
Psychophysiological Responses to Stress......Page 234
Coping......Page 237
Critical Thinking Matters: Resilience......Page 238
Health Behavior......Page 239
Cancer......Page 240
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)......Page 241
Pain Management......Page 242
Sleep Disorders......Page 243
Symptoms of CVD......Page 244
Frequency of CVD......Page 245
Causes of CVD......Page 246
Research Methods: Longitudinal Studies: Lives over Time......Page 248
Prevention and Treatment of CVD......Page 249
Getting Help......Page 252
9 PERSONALITY DISORDERS......Page 254
Case Study: A Car Thief’s Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 256
Social Motivation......Page 257
Temperament and Personality Traits......Page 258
Context and Personality......Page 259
Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders......Page 260
Critical Thinking Matters: Can Personality Disorders Be Adaptive?......Page 261
Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders......Page 262
Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorders......Page 263
A Dimensional Perspective on Personality Disorders......Page 264
Gender Differences......Page 266
Culture and Personality......Page 267
Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)......Page 268
Research Methods: Cross-Cultural Comparisons: The Importance of Context......Page 269
Causes......Page 270
Treatment......Page 271
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)......Page 272
Causes......Page 274
Treatment......Page 275
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)......Page 276
Symptoms......Page 277
Causes......Page 279
Treatment......Page 280
Getting Help......Page 281
10 EATING DISORDERS......Page 284
Case Study: Serrita’s Anorexia......Page 286
Disturbance in Evaluating Weight or Shape......Page 287
Comorbid Psychological Disorders......Page 289
Binge Eating......Page 290
Comorbid Psychological Disorders......Page 291
Brief Historical Perspective......Page 292
Contemporary Classification......Page 293
Frequency of Eating Disorders......Page 294
Standards of Beauty......Page 295
Critical Thinking Matters: The Pressure to Be Thin......Page 296
Social Factors......Page 297
Psychological Factors......Page 298
Biological Factors......Page 300
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa......Page 301
Interpersonal Psychotherapy......Page 302
Research Methods: Psychotherapy Placebos......Page 303
Prevention of Eating Disorders......Page 304
Getting Help......Page 305
11 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS......Page 307
Case Study: Ernest Hemingway’s Alcohol Dependence......Page 310
The Concept of Substance Dependence......Page 311
Alcohol......Page 313
Nicotine......Page 314
Opiates......Page 315
Cannabis......Page 317
Hallucinogens and Related Drugs......Page 318
DSM-IV-TR......Page 319
Other Disorders Commonly Associated with Addictions......Page 321
Frequency......Page 322
Prevalence of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence......Page 323
Risk for Addiction Across the Life Span......Page 324
Critical Thinking Matters: Should Tobacco Products Be Illegal?......Page 325
Social Factors......Page 326
Biological Factors......Page 327
Psychological Factors......Page 330
Integrated Systems......Page 331
Medications During Remission......Page 332
Cognitive Behavior Therapy......Page 333
Outcome Results and General Conclusions......Page 335
Getting Help......Page 336
12 SEXUAL AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS......Page 339
Case Study: Margaret and Bill’s Sexual Communication......Page 341
Symptoms......Page 342
Diagnosis......Page 344
Research Methods: Hypothetical Constructs: What Is Sexual Arousal?......Page 347
Frequency......Page 349
Causes......Page 350
Treatment......Page 352
Paraphilias......Page 354
Diagnosis......Page 355
Causes......Page 360
Treatment......Page 362
Frequency......Page 364
Treatment......Page 365
Getting Help......Page 366
13 SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS......Page 368
Case Study: A New Mother’s Paranoid Schizophrenia......Page 370
Positive Symptoms......Page 371
Negative Symptoms......Page 373
Case Study: Marsha’s Disorganized Speech and Bizarre Behavior......Page 374
Brief Historical Perspective......Page 375
Subtypes......Page 376
Related Psychotic Disorders......Page 377
Course and Outcome......Page 378
Gender Differences......Page 379
Biological Factors......Page 380
Social Factors......Page 386
Psychological Factors......Page 387
Research Methods: Comparison Groups: What Is Normal?......Page 388
The Search for Markers of Vulnerability......Page 389
Antipsychotic Medication......Page 390
Psychosocial Treatment......Page 392
Getting Help......Page 394
14 DEMENTIA, DELIRIUM, AND AMNESTIC DISORDERS......Page 397
Case Study: A Physician’s Developing Dementia......Page 399
Case Study: Dementia and Delirium—A Niece’s Terrible Discoveries......Page 400
Dementia......Page 401
Case Study: Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder—19 Going on 45......Page 406
Brief Historical Perspective......Page 407
Specific Disorders Associated with Dementia......Page 408
Critical Thinking Matters: How Can Clinicians Establish an Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease?......Page 409
Research Methods: Finding Genes That Cause Behavioral Problems......Page 412
Prevalence of Dementia......Page 414
Cross-Cultural Comparisons......Page 415
Dementia......Page 416
Environmental and Behavioral Management......Page 419
Support for Caregivers......Page 420
Getting Help......Page 421
15 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES AND AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS......Page 424
Intellectual Disabilities......Page 425
Symptoms of Intellectual Disabilities......Page 426
Research Methods: Central Tendency and Variability: What Do IQ Scores Mean?......Page 428
Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities......Page 430
Causes of Intellectual Disabilities......Page 431
Treatment: Prevention and Normalization......Page 436
Case Study: Temple Grandin—An Anthropologist on Mars......Page 439
Symptoms of ASD......Page 440
Diagnosis of Autism and ASD......Page 445
Frequency of ASD......Page 446
Causes of Autism......Page 447
Treatment of ASD......Page 448
Critical Thinking Matters: The Bogus Treatment Called Facilitated Communication......Page 449
Getting Help......Page 452
16 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD......Page 455
Case Study: Bad Boy, Troubled Boy, or All Boy?......Page 456
Symptoms of Externalizing......Page 457
Diagnosis of Externalizing......Page 459
Frequency of Externalizing......Page 462
Research Methods: Samples: How to Select the People We Study......Page 463
Causes of Externalizing......Page 464
Treatment of Externalizing Disorders......Page 468
Critical Thinking Matters: ADHD’s False Causes and Cures......Page 471
Case Study: Turning the Tables on Tormentors......Page 473
Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders......Page 474
Diagnosis of Internalizing and Other Disorders......Page 476
Frequency of Internalizing Disorders......Page 478
Treatment of Internalizing Disorders......Page 481
Getting Help......Page 483
17 ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS AND LIFE-CYCLE TRANSITIONS......Page 485
Symptoms......Page 487
Diagnosis......Page 488
Symptoms of the Adult Transition......Page 489
Frequency of Identity Conflicts......Page 491
Treatment During the Transition to Adult Life......Page 492
Symptoms of Family Transitions......Page 493
Causes of Difficulty in Family Transitions......Page 495
Research Methods: Genes and the Environment......Page 497
Treatment During Family Transitions......Page 498
The Transition to Later Life......Page 500
Symptoms......Page 501
Diagnosis of Aging......Page 504
Frequency of Aging......Page 505
Treatment of Psychological Problems in Later Life......Page 506
Getting Help......Page 507
18 MENTAL HEALTH AND THE LAW......Page 509
Case Study: John Hinckley and the Insanity Defense......Page 510
Expert Witnesses......Page 511
The Insanity Defense......Page 512
Competence to Stand Trial......Page 515
Sentencing and Mental Health......Page 518
A Brief History of U.S. Mental Hospitals......Page 519
Involuntary Hospitalization......Page 520
Critical Thinking Matters: Violence and Mental Illness......Page 521
Research Methods: Base Rates and Prediction: Justice Blackmun’s Error......Page 522
The Rights of Mental Patients......Page 523
Deinstitutionalization......Page 526
Child Custody Disputes......Page 527
Child Abuse......Page 528
Professional Negligence and Malpractice......Page 530
Confidentiality......Page 531
Getting Help......Page 532
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References......Page 553
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