Abiotic Stresses in Wheat: Unfolding the Challenges

Front Matter
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Contributors
Wheat and abiotic stress challenges: An overview
	Introduction
	Impact of water stress on wheat
		Impact of waterlogging stress on wheat
		Impact of drought stress on wheat
	Impact of temperature stress on wheat
		Impact of cold stress on wheat
		Impact of high-temperature stress on wheat
	Impact of heavy metal stress in wheat
	Impact of salinity stress on wheat
	Impact of UV-B-mediated stress in wheat
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
	Further reading
Mitigation of abiotic stress tolerance in wheat through conventional breeding
	Introduction
	Different abiotic stresses that affect wheat production
		High-temperature stress/heat stress
		Drought stress
		Low-temperature stress
		Salinity stress
	Sources of abiotic stress resistance gene
		Landraces
		Synthetics
		Wild relatives and their progenitors
	Conventional breeding approaches
		Selection and introduction
		Pedigree method
		Modified bulk pedigree method
		Backcross method
		Recurrent selection method
		Mutation breeding
		Population development
	Research on abiotic stress mitigation using conventional breeding approaches
		Conventional breeding for heat tolerance
		Conventional breeding for drought tolerance
		Conventional breeding for salt tolerance
	Challenges of conventional breeding
	Future direction
	References
Speed breeding-A powerful tool to breed more crops in less time accelerating crop research
	Introduction
	What we have achieved?
	Plant breeding
	Traditional breeding pipeline
	Methods to reduce the generation time
	Speed breeding
	Evolution of speed breeding
	Brains behind space-inspired technology ``speed breeding´´
	How does speed breeding work?
	The core recipe of speed breeding
	Types of speed breeding
		Speed breeding I
		Speed breeding II
		Speed breeding III
	Application of speed breeding
		Single seed descent under speed breeding
		Speed breeding for physiological traits
		Boosting transgenic lines
		Fast-forwarding genomic selection
		Express edit
	Speed breeding 2.0
	Speed breeding for major crops
		Wheat and barley
		Maize
		Pearl millet
		Temperature
		Photoperiod
	Speed breeding capsules
	Centers for speed breeding
	Speed breeding limitations
	Challenges
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Marker-assisted breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat crop
	Introduction
	Wheat and abiotic stresses
	Available genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
	Phenotyping for abiotic stress tolerance
	QTL and markers associated with abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
		Salt stress
		Metal toxicity and deficiency
		Heat stress
		Drought
		Frost tolerance
	Marker-assisted breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
	Genomic selection
	Challenges and future perspectives
	References
Epigenetics and abiotic stress tolerance in wheat crops: Consequences and application
	Introduction
	DNA methylation and its roles in plant response to abiotic stresses
	Histone modifications and their involvements in plant response to abiotic stresses
	Chromatin remodeling and its roles in plant response to abiotic stresses
	Noncoding RNAs and their involvements in plant epigenetic response to abiotic stresses
	Plant epigenetic memory to abiotic stresses
	Exploiting epigenetic variations for mitigating abiotic stresses in wheat crops
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
Physiological and biochemical approaches for mitigating the effect of abiotic stresses in wheat
	Introduction
	Biochemical responses during stress
	Physiological adaptation strategies
		Water stress condition
		Heat stress
		Saline and alkaline stress
	Abiotic stress mitigation strategies
		Plant hormones
		Agronomic interventions
		Heat stress
		Drought stress
		Salt stress
		Waterlogging
		PHS
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Role of phytohormones in regulating abiotic stresses in wheat
	Introduction
	Effects of abiotic stresses on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of the wheat plant
		Influence of salinity
		Influence of drought
		Influence of temperature changes
		Influence of heavy-metal toxicity
	Potential roles of plant growth regulators in challenging the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses on wheat plants
		Role of melatonin in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
		Role of salicylic acid in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
		Role of brassinosteroids in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
		Role of polyamines in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
	Limitations and conclusion
	References
Abiotic stress-induced ROS production in wheat: Consequences, survival mechanisms, and mitigation strategies
	Introduction
	Concept of abiotic stress-induced ROS in plants
	Consequences of stress-induced excessive production of ROS in wheat
		Effect of ROS on wheat morphology
		Effect of ROS on wheat physiology
		Effect of ROS on wheat biochemistry
		Water/moisture/drought stress-induced ROS production in wheat
		UV-B radiation-induced ROS production in wheat
	ROS scavenging to survive against abiotic stresses in wheat
	Stress-induced production of ROS in wheat: Physiological mechanisms
		High temperature stress/heat stress
	Abiotic-stress-induced ROS production and its molecular mechanisms
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Regulation of circadian for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
	Introduction
	General mechanism of the circadian clock
	Clock-mediated abiotic stress response
	Circadian clock response in various monocot crop species
		Rice
		Barley
		Sorghum
		Maize
	Circadian clock-mediated stress response in wheat
		Heat responsive
		Drought responsive
		Cold responsive
		ABA responsive
		Oxidative stress responsive
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Changes in root behavior of wheat species under abiotic stress conditions
	Background
	Root architecture and behavior
	Root behavior in wheat under drought stresses and its improvement
	Root behavior in wheat under heat stresses and its improvement
	Root behavior in wheat under salinity stress and its improvement
	Breeding model roots for the stressed environments
		Phenotyping methods for characterization and exploitation of root system architecture
		Field-based root phenotyping
	Challenges and future perspectives for breeding better root systems
	References
	Further reading
Role of abiotic stresses on photosynthesis and yield of crop plants, with special reference to wheat
	Introduction
	Impacts of abiotic stresses on photosynthesis of plants
		Drought stress on photosynthesis
		Heat stress on photosynthesis
		Salinity stress effect on photosynthesis
		Waterlogging on photosynthesis
	Regulation of photosynthesis in crop plants by abiotic stresses
		Drought
		Heat stress
		Salinity stress
		Waterlogging stress
	Approaches for the improvement of photosynthesis in wheat under abiotic stresses
		Improvement of photosynthesis under drought stress
		Improvement of photosynthesis under heat stress
		Improvement photosynthesis under salinity stress
		Improvement photosynthesis under waterlogging stress
	Concluding remarks and future prospects
	References
CRISPR-Cas genome editing for the development of abiotic stress-tolerant wheat
	Introduction
	CRISPR-Cas system and its uses in improving abiotic stress-tolerance in plants
	Current status of abiotic stress-tolerant wheat by CRISPR-Cas genome editing
	Challenges and opportunities of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for mitigation of abiotic stresses in crop production
	Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Functional genomics approaches for combating the abiotic stresses in wheat
	Introduction
	Functional genomics approaches for wheat crop improvement
		Genome-based functional annotation
			RNAi/PTGS
			Genome editing
			TILLING/EcoTILLING
			TALENS (transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases):
			MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
		Transcriptomics-based functional annotation
			SSH (suppression subtractive hybridization)
			SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)
			EST (expressed sequence tags)
			Microarray
			RNAseq
		Candidate genes and transcription factors
		QTLs and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
		Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
		Functional genomics using proteomics
		Metabolomics-directed plant functional genomics
		Ionomics
	Conclusion and future projections
	References
Role of transcriptomics in countering the effect of abiotic stresses in wheat
	Introduction
	Abiotic stress and transcriptome
	Salt stress and transcriptomics in wheat
	Drought stress and transcriptomics in wheat
	Heat stress and transcriptomics in wheat
	Cold stress and transcriptomics in wheat
	Nutrients stress and transcriptomics in wheat
	Future concerns
	References
Patterns of protein expression in wheat under stress conditions and its identification by proteomics tools
	Introduction
	Biotic and abiotic stresses in plants
		Stress caused by cold
		Stress caused in drought conditions
		Stress caused by heat
		Stress caused by presence of excessive salt
	Various conditions leading to stress in wheat
		Alterations in wheat proteome composition as a result of salt stress
		Stress on wheat seedlings due to drought conditions
		Impact of heat stress on wheat protein expression and calcium metabolism
		Wheat responses to cold stress at morphological and physiological levels
		Changes of protein profiles in two cultivars during hypoxia and water logging stress condition
	Other effects of stress on wheat physiology and metabolism
	Techniques involved in proteomics of wheat
		Identification and quantitative study of proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGel)
		Mass spectrometry: A novel ionization technique for proteomic investigation
	Conclusion
	References
Crosstalk between small-RNAs and their linked with abiotic stresses tolerance in wheat
	Introduction
	Origin and biogenesis of wheat small RNAs (sRNAs)
		Biogenesis of sRNAs (miRNAs and siRNAs)
		The origin and biogenesis of miRNAs
	Impact of sRNAs on wheat crop gene regulation
	miRNAs in abiotic stress tolerance
		Wheat small miRNAs for drought stress resistance
		Wheat small miRNAs for salt stress resistance
		Wheat small miRNAs for temperature stress (high/low) resistance
		Wheat small miRNAs for heavy metal stress resistance
		Wheat small miRNAs for water logging resistance
		Wheat small miRNAs for cold and freezing stress resistance
		Wheat small miRNAs against elevated level of nitrogen
	Computational tools for miRNAs and target predictions
	Conclusion and future remarks
	References
Combined abiotic stresses in wheat species
	Introduction
	Combined drought and heat stress (DREAT stress)
	Combined drought and salinity stress (DRONITY stress)
	Combined boron and salinity stress (BORSAL stress)
	Combined heat and salinity stress (HALINITY stress)
	Combined stress conditions including heavy metals
	Conclusion
	References
Wheats radiation stress response and adaptive mechanisms
	Introduction
	Radiation source
	Radiation-stressed wheat
	Radiations impacts on wheat growth stages
	Phytohormones and ultraviolet (B) radiation
	UV (B) effects on wheat roots
	UV (B) effects on wheat photosynthesis
	Wheat yield and UV (B) effects
	Wheat antioxidant defense system under UV (B) stress
	Wheat radiation stress adaptation mechanisms
	Conclusion
	References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of drought stress in wheat
	Introduction
	Responses to drought
	Adaptations to drought
		Accumulation of osmolytes
		Activation of antioxidant enzymes and growth hormones
	Approaches to drought management
		Screening and selection of drought-tolerant varieties
		Priming
		Foliar applications
		Breeding strategies
		Agronomic practices
		Automated plant analysis
		Decision support systems
		Irrigation planning
		Resource allocation
	Future outlook and main conclusions
	References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of heavy metal toxicity in wheat
	Introduction
	Sources of HMs in the soil-wheat system
	Toxicity of HMs in wheat
	Heavy metal mitigation approaches in wheat
		Source reduction
		Nutrient supplements
		Biochar application
		Microbe-assisted remediation
		Phytoremediation
		Nanoparticle-based phytoremediation
		Biotechnology and genetic-based strategies
		Selection of low-accumulating cultivars
	Challenges and future prospects
	Conclusion
	References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of boron stress in wheat
	Introduction
	Boron-A micronutrient
	Function of boron in plant metabolism
	Plant responses to boron deficiency stress
	Plant responses to boron toxicity stress
	Managing boron deficiency stress in wheat
	Managing boron toxicity stress in wheat
	Gene expression-based research to develop boron deficiency and toxicity tolerance in wheat
	Conclusion
	References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of waterlogging stress in wheat
	Introduction
	Effect of waterlogging on wheat
		Effect of waterlogging on physiological process of wheat
		Effect of waterlogging on nutrient concentrations in wheat plant
		Effect of waterlogging on growth and yield of wheat plants
	Adaptive mechanism for waterlogging stress in wheat
		Physiological adaptations
			Root growth
			Ethylene production
			Barriers to radial oxygen loss (ROL)
		Metabolic adaptations
			Anaerobic respiration
			Increasing concentration of soluble sugar
			Reducing ROS damage by antioxidants
		Other adaptation mechanisms
	Agronomic management mitigating waterlogging stress in wheat
		Sowing adjustment and cultivars selection
		Nutrient management
		Application of PGPR
		Drainage and mechanical management
			Raised beds system
			Land leveling
		Fungicide application
	Biotechnological tools for mitigation of waterlogging stress
		Tissue culture approaches for developing wheat genotypes tolerant to waterlogging stress
		Functional genomics approaches for the identification of QTL or genes playing roles in imparting tolerance under waterloggi ...
		Genome modification approach to impart waterlogging tolerance in wheat
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Advancement of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to survive against abiotic stresses in the era of the  ...
	Introduction
	Wheat and abiotic stress
		Drought stress
		Salt stress
			Plant growth under salinity
			Macro- and micronutrient contents
			Membrane stability
			Fatty acid content in plasma membrane
		Heavy metal stress
			Phytotoxicity of heavy metals
			Phytotoxicity of heavy metals at the different physiological and molecular levels
				Cell division and chromosomal aberration
				Growth retardation
				Photosynthesis and chlorophyll activity
	Adaptive mechanisms of wheat against abiotic stresses
		Adaptive mechanisms against drought stress
			Proline
			Glycine betaine
			Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins
			Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors
			Protein kinases
		Plants responses under salt stress
			Tolerance mechanism in wheat to salt stress
				Exclusion of Na+ ion
				Retention of K+ in the leaf mesophyll
					Osmoregulation
			Transgenic approaches to combat salt stress in wheat
				Integration of antiporter gene
				Engineering for better osmoregulation
				Integration of transcription factors
				Upregulation of glycine betaine
				NAC transgenic
			Metabolic pathways protecting plants from heavy metal stress
				Restricting uptake and transport of heavy metals
				Cell exclusion of heavy metals
				Heavy metal complexation in plasma membrane
				Vacuole compartmentalization
			Progress in transgenic wheat varietal development for heavy metal stress
				Upregulation of TaPUB1
				Incorporation of AemNAC2
				Wheat to other plants
		Heat stress
			Adverse effect of heat stress on wheat
			Physiological responses under heat stress
				Water imbalance
				Photosynthesis and respiration
				Oxidative damage
			Transgenic approaches to combat heat stress in wheat
				Engineering plastid-related genes
				Upregulation of ferritin gene
				Integration of transcription factor
				Integration of PEP carboxylase gene
				Upregulation of starch synthesis
		Cold stress
			Transgenic approaches to combat cold stress in wheat
				Integration of barley lipid transfer protein
				Overproduction of Glycine betaine gene from Atriplex hortensis
				Integration of GhDREB gene
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Plant-microbe interactions in wheat to deal with abiotic stress
	Introduction
		Plant-microbe interactions
		How do plants interact with microbes?
		Where do the microbes that interact with plants come from?
		Plant selectivity for interacting microbes
		Interactions between plants and microbes under abiotic stress
	Plant-microbe interactions in wheat to deal with abiotic stress
		Microbes providing wheat with a variety of abiotic stress resistance
			Salt resistance and its mechanism
			Drought resistance and its mechanism
			Resistance to heavy metal stress
			Heat stress resistance
			Other abiotic stresses resistance
		Sources of interacting microbes for wheat resistance to abiotic stress
			Plant sources
			Soil source
			Microbe inoculants
		The interaction between wheat-microbe-abiotic stress
			The impact of abiotic stress on microbial resources
			The influence of plants on microbes
			Effects of stress-resistant microbes on wheat rhizosphere microbes
			Effects of wheat metabolites and exogenous additives on microbes
	Application of omics in the study of interaction between microbes and wheat
	Conclusions
	References
Role of nanotechnology in combating abiotic stresses in wheat for improved yield and quality
	Introduction
	Nutrient stress
	Cold stress
	Flooding stress
	Drought
	Heat
	Salinity stress
	Conclusion
	References
Climate change triggering abiotic stresses and losses in wheat production and quality
	Introduction
	Climate change causing poor wheat growth by increasing soil salinity
	Climate change causing poor wheat growth by increasing flooding
	Climate change causing poor wheat growth by increasing drought and changing rainfall patterns
	Climate change causing poor wheat growth by affecting soil properties and soil fertility
		Effects of changes in soil structure on wheat
		Effects of changes in soil bulk density on wheat
		Effects of changes in soil chemical reactions on wheat
	Climate change affecting wheat growth by distressing nutrient cycling
	Climate change affecting wheat growth by distressing nutrient acquisition
	Climate change affecting wheat growth by distressing nutrient transformation in the soil
	Future prospects
	Conclusion
	References