Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants for Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance: Being Closer to the Field
	1. Introduction
	2. How Crop Plants Sense the Stress: Signaling and Pathway
		2.1. Abiotic Stress and its Recognition by Plant
	3. Plant Response to Drought and Salinity Stress
		3.1. Drought Stress and Agriculture
		3.2. Nature of Drought and Plant Response
	4. Genetic Basis of Drought Tolerance
		4.1. Salinity Stress: Complexity and its Impact on Agricultural Production
			4.1.1. Effect of Salinity Stress on Plant Cell
			4.1.2. Generic Role of K+
			4.1.3. Transpirational Flux
			4.1.4. Role of Ca2+ in Relation to Salt Stress
		4.2. Water Loss due to Salinity Stress
		4.3. Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance
		4.4. Determinants for Salt Tolerance
	5. Rational Strategies for Developing Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	6. Resource Species Used for the Identification of Abiotic Stress Tolerant Genes
		6.1. Saccharomycescerevisiae
		6.2 Halophytes
		6.3 Glycophytes
	7. Genetic Engineering for Enhancing Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance
		7.1. Improving Response to Drought Stress by Manipulating Single Action Genes
		7.2. Single Function Genes
			7.2.1. Osmoprotectants
			7.2.2. Detoxifying Genes
			7.2.3. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Proteins Coding Genes
			7.2.4. Genes for Ionic Balance
			7.2.5. Decreasing Root to Shoot Translocation of Na+
	8. Targetting Pathways: Manipulating Regulatory Genes
		8.1. Role of Transcription Factors in the Activation of Stress Responsive Genes
		8.2. Role of Helicases inImparting Tolerance to Abiotic Stress
		8.3. Signal Transduction Genes
		8.4. Targeting Pathways: Tandem Expression of Genes
		8.5. Modifying Function: Engineering C4Photosynthetic Pathway into C3 Crops
	9. Epigenetic and Post-Transcriptional Control
	10. Choice of Promoters: When and How Much to Express
	11. Applications of Chloroplast Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerence
	12. Means of Stress Impositions, Growth Conditions, and Evaluations
	13. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	14. References
2. Biotechnological Approaches for the Development of Heat Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
	1. Heat Stress
	2. Effects of Heat (HT- induced) Stress on Crop Plants
		2.1. Morphological, Anatomical and Phenological Effects
			2.1.1. Morphological Effects
			2.1.2. Anatomical Effects
			2.1.3. Phenological Effects
		2.2. Physiological Effects
			2.2.1. Water Relations
			2.2.2. Photosynthesis
		2.3. Yield
		2.4. Effects on Reproduction and Development
	3. How Plants Respond to the Heat Stress
		3.1. Mechanism of Tolerance
		3.2. Avoidance Mechanism
	4. Heat stress and Biotechnology
		4.1. Marker Assisted Selection and QTL Mapping for Heat Stress Tolerance
		4.2. Genetic Engineering and Transgenic Approaches for Thermo Tolerance
		4.3. “Omics” Approaches
	5. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	6. References
3. Heat Shock Proteins: Role and Mechanism of Action
	1. Introduction
	2. Heat Stress
	3. Heat Shock Proteins
		3.1. Thermal Stability of HSPs
		3.2. Classification of Heat Shock Proteins
		3.3. Role of Different HSPs
	4. HSPs/Chaperones Network
	5. Genetically Modified Plants for Heart Stress Tolerance
	6. Conclusion
	7. References
4. Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, Antioxidants and Regulating Genes in Crops under Abiotic Stress Conditions
	1. Introduction
	2. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
		2.1. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation Sites in Plant cells
	3. Antioxidant Defense System in Crop Plants
		3.1. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
		3.2. Enzymatic Antioxidants
	4. ROS Regulation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Genes in crops
		4.1. Antioxidant Genes
			4.1.1. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
			4.1.2. Catalase (CAT)
			4.1.3. Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
			4.1.4. Glutathione Reductase (GR)
			4.1.5. Abscisic acid (ABA)
	5. Transcription Factors
	6. Similar to RCD One (SRO) Proteins
	7. Calcium-Binding Proteins and Calcium Transporters
	8. Other Functional Proteins
	9. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	10. References
5. Antioxidant Defense System in Plants against Abiotic Stress
	1. Introduction
	2. Antioxidant Defense System in Plants
		2.1. Avoidance of ROS Production
		2.2. Non enzymatic ROS Scavengers
			2.2.1. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
			2.2.2. Glutathione (GSH)
			2.2.3. α-Tocopherols
			2.2.4. Proline
			2.2.5. Carotenoids
		2.3. Enzymatic ROS Scavengers
			2.3.1. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
			2.3.2. Catalase
			2.3.3. Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)
			2.3.4. Glutathione reductase
	3. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	4. References
6. Heat Stress and its Effects on Plant Growth and Metabolism
	1. Heat Stress
	2. Responses of Plants to Heat Stress
		2.1. Morpho-phenological Responses to Heat Stress
		2.2. Physiological Responses of Heat Stress
			2.2.1. Canopy Temperature
			2.2.2. Stomatal Conductance
			2.2.3. Relative Water Content
			2.2.4. Photosynthesis
			2.2.5. Transpiration
			2.2.6. Membrane Thermostability
			2.2.7. Compatible Osmolytes and Hormones
				2.2.7.1. Proline
				2.2.7.2. Glycine Betaine
				2.2.7.3. Gibberellic Acid
				2.2.7.4. Salicylic Acid
			2.2.8. Secondary Metabolites
				2.2.8.1. Polyamines, Polyamine Oxidases and Flavonoids
	3. Heat, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
		3.1. Sites of Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
		3.2. Damage Caused Due to ROS
		3.3. Antioxidative Defense System in Plants
			3.3.1. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
			3.3.2. Enzymatic Antioxidants
				3.3.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase
				3.3.2.2. Peroxidase
				3.3.2.3. Catalase
				3.3.2.4. Ascorbate Peroxidase
				3.3.2.5. Glutathione Reductase
	4. Heat Stress Specific Proteins
		4.1. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and Chaperons
		4.2. Heat Sensing and Signaling Molecules
	5. Conventional Breeding Approach for Heat Tolerance
	6. Expressed Sequence Tags: A Molecular Approach to Study Growth Processes and Stress Mechanisms
	7. Transcriptome Studies in Plants at Various Developmental Stages
		7.1. Transcriptome Studies under Abiotic Stresses
		7.2. Expression Profiling Studies Based on Microarray Experiments
		7.3. Use of cDNA Microarray
		7.4. Limitations in the Use of Microarrays
	8. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	9. References
7. Defense Mechanism in Plants against Abiotic Stresses
	1. Introduction
	2. MicroRNAs
	3. Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases
	4. Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species
	5. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
	6. Osmolytes
		6.1. Proline
		6.2. Gama Amino Butyric Acid (AGBA)
		6.3. Polyamines
		6.4. Glycine Betaine
		6.5. Sugars
		6.6. ABA and metabolic adjustments
	7. References
8. Breeding Approaches to Overcome Abiotic Stress
	1. Introduction
	2. History of Plant Breeding in India
	3. Breeding Approaches
		3.1. Conventional Breeding Approaches
			3.1.1. Domestication
			3.1.2. Selection under Domestication
			3.1.3. Mass Selection
			3.1.4. Pure Line Selection
			3.1.5. Backcross Breeding
			3.1.6. Hybridization
			3.1.7. Polyploidy
			3.1.8. Mutational Breeding
		3.2. Unconventional Methods
			3.2.1. Marker Assisted Breeding
			3.2.2. Biotechnological Approaches
	4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	5. References
9. Morphological, Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses of Plants to Drought Stress
	1. Introduction
	2. Effects of Drought Stress on Crop Plants
	3. Successful Strategies under Drought Stress - Resistance, Acclimatization and Plasticity
	4. Response of Crop Plants to Drought Stress
		4.1. Physiological Implication of Drought
			4.1.1. Stomatal Behaviour during Drought Stress
			4.1.2. Effect on Pigment Composition and Photosynthesis
			4.1.3. Effect on Osmotic Adjustment
		4.2. The Molecular Responses Regulated During Drought
			4.2.1. ABA induces Gene Expression during Water Deficit
			4.2.2. Acid Metabolism
	5. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	6. References
10. Stomatal Activities against Abiotic Stress and Selection of Potential Tolerant Horticultural Crops
	1. Introduction
	2. Stomatal Stress and Effect on the Plants
	3. Rate of Transpiration
	4. Driving Force and Pathway of Transpiration
	5. Anti-Transpirants
		5.1. Reflecting Materials
		5.2. Wind Break
		5.3. Breeding Technique
	6. Selection of Fruits Crops
	7. Potential Fruit Crops for Dry land Arid Region
	8. Selection of Vegetable Crop and Importance of Vegetable Crops in Arid Region
		8.1. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Hedges Plants
		8.2. Suitable Ornamental Trees
		8.3. Suitable Ornamental Shrubs for Arid Region
	9. Suggested Readings