A Topical Approach to Lifespan

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
About the Author......Page 12
Expert Consultants......Page 13
Preface......Page 19
SECTION 1 THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE......Page 44
CHAPTER 1 Introduction......Page 45
Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective......Page 46
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Gustavo Medrano, Clinical Psychologist......Page 50
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Improving Family Policy......Page 54
Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes......Page 55
Periods of Development......Page 56
The Significance of Age......Page 58
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Is There a Best Time of Day to Conduct Research?......Page 59
Developmental Issues......Page 61
Psychoanalytic Theories......Page 63
Cognitive Theories......Page 65
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories......Page 67
Ethological Theory......Page 68
Ecological Theory......Page 69
An Eclectic Theoretical Orientation......Page 70
Methods for Collecting Data......Page 71
Research Designs......Page 74
Time Span of Research......Page 76
Minimizing Bias......Page 78
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Pam Reid, Educational and Development Psychologist......Page 79
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 80
APPENDIX Careers in Life-Span Development......Page 84
SECTION 2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND HEALTH......Page 88
CHAPTER 2 Biological Beginnings......Page 89
Evolutionary Psychology......Page 90
The Collaborative Gene......Page 93
Genes and Chromosomes......Page 95
Genetic Principles......Page 97
Chromosomal and Gene-Linked Abnormalities......Page 98
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Jennifer Leonhard, Genetic Counselor......Page 100
Behavior Genetics......Page 101
Heredity-Environment Correlations......Page 102
The Epigenetic View and Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction......Page 103
Conclusions About Heredity-Environment Interaction......Page 104
The Course of Prenatal Development......Page 105
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests......Page 109
Hazards to Prenatal Development......Page 110
Prenatal Care......Page 116
Birth and the Postpartum Period......Page 117
The Birth Process......Page 118
The Transition from Fetus to Newborn......Page 120
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Linda Pugh, Perinatal Nurse......Page 121
Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants......Page 122
Bonding......Page 123
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Are Preterm Infants Affected by Touch?......Page 124
The Postpartum Period......Page 125
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 127
CHAPTER 3 Physical Development and Biological Aging......Page 130
Patterns of Growth......Page 131
Height and Weight in Infancy and Childhood......Page 132
Puberty......Page 133
Middle Adulthood......Page 137
Late Adulthood......Page 139
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Sarah Kagan, Geriatric Nurse......Page 140
Brain Physiology......Page 141
Infancy......Page 143
Childhood......Page 146
Adolescence......Page 147
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Strategies for Helping Adolescents Reduce Their Risk-Taking Behavior......Page 148
Adulthood and Aging......Page 149
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH The Nun Study......Page 151
Infancy......Page 153
Childhood......Page 155
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood......Page 156
Adulthood and Aging......Page 158
Life Expectancy and Life Span......Page 159
Centenarians......Page 160
Biological Theories of Aging......Page 163
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 166
CHAPTER 4 Health......Page 169
Children’s Health......Page 170
Adolescents’ Health......Page 171
Emerging and Young Adults’ Health......Page 172
Health and Aging......Page 173
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Stressful Is Caring for an Alzheimer Patient at Home?......Page 177
Nutrition and Eating Behavior......Page 179
Infancy......Page 180
Childhood......Page 181
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Dr. Faize Mustafa-Infante, Pediatrician......Page 182
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Helping Overweight Children Lose Weight......Page 183
Adolescence......Page 184
Adult Development and Aging......Page 186
Childhood and Adolescence......Page 188
Aging and Longevity......Page 191
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood......Page 193
Substance Use in Older Adults......Page 197
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 198
CHAPTER 5 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development......Page 200
The Dynamic Systems View......Page 201
Reflexes......Page 202
Gross Motor Skills......Page 203
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Parents, Coaches, and Children’s Sports......Page 208
Fine Motor Skills......Page 209
What are Sensation and Perception?......Page 211
Visual Perception......Page 212
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Do Scientists Study the Newborn’s Perception?......Page 213
Hearing......Page 219
Other Senses......Page 221
Nature/Nurture and Perceptual Development......Page 223
Perceptual-Motor Coupling......Page 224
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 226
SECTION 3 COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 228
CHAPTER 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches......Page 229
Processes of Development......Page 230
Sensorimotor Stage......Page 231
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Do Researchers Study Infants’ Understanding of Object Permanence and Causality?......Page 234
Preoperational Stage......Page 237
Formal Operational Stage......Page 240
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Are Social Media an Amplification Tool for Adolescent Egocentrism?......Page 242
Piaget and Education......Page 243
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory......Page 244
Scaffolding......Page 246
Teaching Strategies......Page 247
Evaluating Vygotsky’s Theory......Page 249
Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking......Page 250
Is There a Fifth, Postformal Stage?......Page 251
Are There Cognitive Stages in Middle and Late Adulthood?......Page 252
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 253
CHAPTER 7 Information Processing......Page 256
The Information-Processing Approach and Its Application to Development......Page 257
Speed of Processing Information......Page 259
Attention......Page 260
Infancy......Page 261
Childhood and Adolescence......Page 263
Adulthood......Page 264
What is Memory?......Page 265
Infancy......Page 266
Childhood......Page 267
Adulthood......Page 271
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Well Do Adults Remember What They Learned in High School and College Spanish?......Page 273
Infancy and Childhood......Page 274
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Helen Hadani, Ph.D., Developmental Psychologist, Toy Designer, and Associate Director of Research for the Center for Childhood Creativity......Page 280
Adolescence......Page 281
Adulthood......Page 282
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE The Remarkable Helen Small......Page 286
What is Metacognition?......Page 288
Theory of Mind......Page 289
Metacognition in Adolescence and Adulthood......Page 292
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 293
CHAPTER 8 Intelligence......Page 297
Intelligence Tests......Page 298
Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 300
The Neuroscience of Intelligence......Page 303
The Influence of Heredity and Environment......Page 304
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Can Early Intervention in the Lives of Children Growing Up in Impoverished Circumstances Improve Their Intelligence?......Page 306
Group Comparisons and Issues......Page 307
Tests of Infant Intelligence......Page 308
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Toosje Thyssen Van Beveren, Infant Assessment Specialist......Page 309
Intelligence in Adulthood......Page 310
Intellectual Disability......Page 315
Giftedness......Page 316
Creativity......Page 318
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Living a More Creative Life......Page 321
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 322
CHAPTER 9 Language Development......Page 326
Language’s Rule Systems......Page 327
How Language Develops......Page 329
Infancy......Page 330
Early Childhood......Page 333
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH What Characteristics of a Family Affect a Child’s Language Development?......Page 335
Middle and Late Childhood......Page 337
Adolescence......Page 341
Adulthood and Aging......Page 342
Biological Influences......Page 343
Environmental Influences......Page 344
An Interactionist View of Language......Page 347
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 348
SECTION 4 SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 351
CHAPTER 10 Emotional Development and Attachment......Page 352
What Are Emotions?......Page 353
Emotion Regulation......Page 354
Emotional Competence......Page 355
Infancy......Page 356
Early Childhood......Page 359
Middle and Late Childhood......Page 360
Adolescence......Page 362
Adult Development and Aging......Page 363
Describing and Classifying Temperament......Page 365
Biological Foundations and Experience......Page 367
Goodness of Fit and Parenting......Page 370
Infancy and Childhood......Page 371
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Wanda Mitchell, Child-Care Director......Page 381
Adolescence......Page 383
Adulthood......Page 385
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Does the Breakup of a Romantic Relationship Present an Opportunity for Personal Growth?......Page 391
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 392
CHAPTER 11 The Self, Identity, and Personality......Page 396
Self-Understanding and Understanding Others......Page 397
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept......Page 403
Self-Regulation......Page 406
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Strategies for Effectively Engaging in Selective Optimization with Compensation......Page 410
What is Identity?......Page 411
Some Contemporary Thoughts on Identity......Page 412
Developmental Changes......Page 413
Identity and Social Contexts......Page 415
Personality......Page 417
Trait Theories and the Big Five Factors of Personality......Page 418
Views on Adult Personality Development......Page 420
Generativity......Page 422
Stability and Change......Page 423
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Are Personality Traits Related to Longevity?......Page 424
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 427
CHAPTER 12 Gender and Sexuality......Page 430
Biological Influences......Page 431
Social Influences......Page 433
Cognitive Influences......Page 436
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH What Are Young Children’s Gender Schemas About Occupations?......Page 437
Gender Stereotyping......Page 438
Gender Similarities and Differences......Page 439
Gender-Role Classification......Page 442
Going Beyond Gender as Binary......Page 443
Childhood......Page 444
Adulthood and Aging......Page 445
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Cynthia de las Fuentes, College Professor and Counseling Psychologist......Page 447
Exploring Sexuality......Page 448
Sexual Orientation......Page 449
Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 451
Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment......Page 453
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood......Page 456
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Lynn Blankinship, Family and Consumer Science Educator......Page 462
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy......Page 463
Adult Development and Aging......Page 464
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 468
CHAPTER 13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion......Page 471
Moral Thought......Page 472
Moral Behavior......Page 476
Moral Feeling......Page 477
Moral Personality......Page 480
Social Domain Theory......Page 481
Parenting......Page 483
Schools......Page 484
Prosocial Behavior......Page 487
Antisocial Behavior......Page 491
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Rodney Hammond, Health Psychologist......Page 492
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Does Intervention Reduce Juvenile Delinquency?......Page 494
Values......Page 495
Religion and Spirituality......Page 496
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Gabriel Dy-Liacco, Professor and Pastoral Counselor......Page 500
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Religion and Coping......Page 501
Meaning in Life......Page 502
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 503
SECTION 5 SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 506
CHAPTER 14 Families, Lifestyles, and Parenting......Page 507
Reciprocal Socialization......Page 508
Family as a System......Page 509
Sociocultural and Historical Influences......Page 510
Single Adults......Page 511
Cohabiting Adults......Page 512
Married Adults......Page 514
Divorced Adults......Page 519
Remarried Adults......Page 521
Gay and Lesbian Adults......Page 522
Parental Roles......Page 523
Parenting Styles and Discipline......Page 526
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Are Marital Conflict, Individual Hostility, and the Use of Physical Punishment Linked?......Page 530
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Darla Botkin, Marriage and Family Therapist......Page 531
Parent–Adolescent and Parent–Emerging Adult Relationships......Page 533
Working Parents......Page 536
Children in Divorced Families......Page 537
Stepfamilies......Page 539
Gay and Lesbian Parents......Page 540
Adoptive Parents and Adopted Children......Page 541
Sibling Relationships and Birth Order......Page 543
Grandparenting and Great-Grandparenting......Page 545
Intergenerational Relationships......Page 546
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 549
CHAPTER 15 Peers and the Sociocultural World......Page 552
Exploring Peer Relations......Page 553
Peer Statuses......Page 556
Bullying......Page 557
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Are Perspective Taking and Moral Motivation Linked to Bullying?......Page 558
Adolescent Peer Relations......Page 559
Friendship During Childhood......Page 561
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Effective and Ineffective Strategies for Making Friends......Page 562
Adult Friendship......Page 563
Childhood......Page 565
Adolescence......Page 567
Adulthood......Page 569
Stereotyping of Older Adults......Page 570
Successful Aging......Page 571
Culture......Page 573
Socioeconomic Status and Poverty......Page 580
Ethnicity......Page 583
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Norma Thomas, Social Work Professor and Administrator......Page 586
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 587
CHAPTER 16 Schools, Achievement, and Work......Page 590
Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and Assessment......Page 591
Schools and Developmental Status......Page 593
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Yolanda Garcia, Director of Children’s Services, Head Start......Page 595
Educating Children with Disabilities......Page 600
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Carissa Barnes, Special Education Teacher......Page 604
Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity in Schools......Page 605
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Ahou Vaziri, Teach for America Instructor......Page 606
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation......Page 607
Mastery Motivation and Mindset......Page 608
Goal Setting, Planning, and Self-Monitoring......Page 610
Expectations......Page 611
Ethnicity and Culture......Page 612
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Parenting and Children’s Achievement: My Child Is My Report Card, Tiger Moms, and Tiger Babies Strike Back......Page 614
Career Development......Page 615
Work......Page 616
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Working During College......Page 618
Retirement......Page 621
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 623
SECTION 6 ENDINGS......Page 627
CHAPTER 17 Death, Dying, and Grieving......Page 628
The Death System and Its Cultural Variations......Page 629
Issues in Determining Death......Page 631
Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care......Page 632
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Kathy McLaughlin, Home Hospice Nurse......Page 634
Attitudes Toward Death at Different Points in the Life Span......Page 635
Suicide......Page 637
Kübler-Ross’ Stages of Dying......Page 640
Perceived Control and Denial......Page 641
Communicating with a Dying Person......Page 642
Grieving......Page 643
Making Sense of the World......Page 645
Losing a Life Partner......Page 646
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Is Widowhood Related to Women’s Physical and Mental Health?......Page 647
Forms of Mourning......Page 648
Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 650
Glossary......Page 653
References......Page 662
Name Index......Page 772
Subject Index......Page 792