A Textbook of Neuroanatomy

A Textbook of Neuroanatomy
	Contents
	Preface to the Second Edition
	About the Companion Website
	Part I: General Principles of the Nervous System
		Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nervous System
			Cells of the Central Nervous System
				Neurons
				Neuroglia
			Central Nervous System
				Brain
				Spinal Cord
				Gray Matter and White Matter
			Peripheral Nervous System
				Somatic Nervous System
				Autonomic Nervous System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 2: Development of the Nervous System
			Early Development
				Bilaminar Germ Disc
				Trilaminar Germ Disc
			Neurulation
				Neural Crest
				Paraxial Mesoderm
				Pharyngeal Arches
				Genetic Influences of Pharyngeal Arch Development
				Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives
				Pharyngeal Groove Derivatives
				Pharyngeal Pouch Derivatives
			Early Development of the Spinal Cord and Brain
				Neuroepithelial Cells
			Development of the Spinal Cord
				Basal Plates, Alar Plates, and Dorsal Root Ganglia
				Histodifferentiation of Neuroblasts
				Further Differentiation of the Basal and Alar Plates
				Molecular Bases of Spinal Cord Differentiation
				Development of Modalities
			Development of the Brain
				Myelencephalon
				Metencephalon
				Mesencephalon
				Prosencephalon
				Molecular Bases of Mesencephalon and Prosencephalon Development
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Nervous System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 3: Histophysiology of the Nervous System
			Neurons
				Soma
				Dendrites
				Axons
				Synapses
				Axon Terminal and Its Presynaptic Membrane
				Synaptic Cleft and the Postsynaptic Membrane
				Classification of Neurons
			Neuroglia
				Myelin
			Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulses
				Resting Potential, Nernst Equation, and Goldman Equation
				Action Potentials
				Propagation of an Action Potential
				Postsynaptic Potentials
			Synonyms and Eponyms of Nervous System Histopathology
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 4: Neurotransmitter Substances
			Classification of Neurotransmitter Substances
				Biogenic Amines
				Neuropeptides
				Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
				Other Neurotransmitters
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 5: Spinal Cord
			Morphology of the Spinal Cord
				General Structure of the Spinal Cord
				External Morphology of the Spinal Cord
				Segmentation of the Spinal Cord and the Roots of the Spinal Nerves
				Modalities of the Spinal Nerves
				Classification of the Fiber Components of the Spinal Nerves
			Internal Morphology of the Spinal Cord
				Gray Matter
				White Matter
			Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Cord
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 6: Gross Anatomy of the Brain
			Cerebrum
				Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres
				Limbic Lobe
				Brodmann’s Classification of the Cerebral Cortex
				Histology of the Cerebral Cortex
				White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres
				Basal Nuclei
			Diencephalon
			Cerebellum
			Brainstem
				Midbrain
				Metencephalon
				Myelencephalon
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brain
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 7: Brainstem
			Internal Organization of the Brainstem
				Embryonic Derivation of Cranial Nerve Nuclei
			Medulla
				Structures Present at all Levels of the Medulla
			Pons
				Caudal Pons
				Midpons
				Rostral Pons
			Midbrain
				Caudal Midbrain
				Rostral Midbrain
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brainstem
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 8: Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Cranial Meninges
				Cranial Dura Mater
				Vascular and Nerve Supply of the Dura Mater
				Reflections of the Meningeal Layer of the Dura Mater
				Cranial Arachnoid
				Cranial Pia Mater
			Spinal Meninges
				Spinal Dura Mater
				Spinal Arachnoid
				Spinal Pia Mater
			Venous Sinuses of the Cranial Dura Mater
				Anterior Inferior Group
				Posterior Superior Group
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Ventricles of the Brain
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Nervous System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 9: Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System
			Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord
			Arterial Supply of the Brain
				Blood–Brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit
				Circumventricular Organs
				Internal Carotid Artery
				Vertebral Artery
				Basilar Artery
				Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis)
			Venous Drainage of the Brain
				Cerebral Veins
				Cerebellar Veins
				Veins of the Brainstem
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 10: Autonomic Nervous System
			Central Connections of the Autonomic Nervous System
			Sympathetic Nervous System
				Preganglionic Fibers and Paravertebral Ganglia of the Sympathetic Nervous System
				Distribution of the Postganglionic Fibers of the Sympathetic Nervous System
				Topographic Distribution of the Sympathetic Nervous System
			Parasympathetic Nervous System
				Topographic Distribution of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
				Cranial Portion of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
				Sacral Portion of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
			Enteric Nervous System
			Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System
				Autonomic Receptors
			Pelvic Autonomic Functions
				Urine Retention and Urination
				Defecation
				Erection and Ejaculation
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Autonomic Nervous System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 11: Spinal Reflexes
			Components of Reflexes
			Lower Motoneurons
			Skeletal Muscle Innervation
			Skeletal Muscle Receptors
				Muscle Spindles
				Golgi Tendon Organs
			Muscle Stretch Reflex
			Reciprocal Inhibition
			Autogenic Inhibition (Inverse Myotatic Reflex)
			Flexor Reflex (Withdrawal Reflex, Nociceptive Reflex)
			Crossed Extension Reflex
			Maintenance of Muscle Tone via the Gamma Loop
			Alpha-Gamma Coactivation
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Reflexes
			Questions to Ponder
	Part II: Integrative Components of the Nervous System
		Chapter 12: Ascending Sensory Pathways
			Sensory Receptors
				Classification According to Stimulus Source
				Classification According to Modality
				Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs
			Anterolateral System
				Pain Pathways from the Body
				Visceral Pain
				Temperature Pathways from the Body
			Tactile Sensation and Proprioception
				Discriminative (Fine) Touch, Proprioception, Vibratory Sense, and Pressure Sense from the Body
			Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum
				Dorsal (Posterior) Spinocerebellar Tract
				Cuneocerebellar Tract
				Ventral (Anterior) Spinocerebellar Tract
				Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract
			Modulation of Nociception
				Gate Control Theory of Pain
				Descending Analgesia-Producing Pathways
			Neuroplasticity
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Ascending Sensory Pathways
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 13: Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways
			Cortical Areas Controlling Motor Activity
				Primary Motor Cortex
				Premotor Cortical Areas
			Descending Motor Pathways
				Corticospinal Tract
				Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract
				Corticotectal and Tectospinal Tracts
				Corticorubral, Rubrobulbar, and Rubrospinal Tracts
				Corticoreticular Fibers and Reticulospinal Tracts
				Vestibulospinal Tracts
				Functional Classification of the Descending Motor Pathways
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 14: Basal Nuclei
			Components of the Basal Nuclei
				Caudate Nucleus
				Lenticular (Lentiform) Nucleus
				Nucleus Accumbens
				Subthalamic Nucleus (Nucleus of Luys)
				Substantia Nigra
			Nuclei Associated with the Basal Nuclei
				Thalamic Nuclei
				Amygdaloid Nucleus (Amygdala)
				Claustrum
			Input, Intrinsic, and Output Nuclei of the Basal Nuclei
				Input Nuclei
				Intrinsic Nuclei
				Output Nuclei
			Connections of the Basal Nuclei
				Striatum
				Globus Pallidus
			Circuits Connecting the Basal Nuclei, Thalamus, and Cerebral Cortex
				Motor (Sensory-Motor) Loop
				Oculomotor (Visuomotor) Loop
				Association (Cognitive, Executive) Loop
				Limbic (Motivational) Loop
			Other Circuits of the Basal Nuclei
				Substantia Nigra
				Subthalamic Nucleus
				Pedunculopontine Nucleus
			Neurotransmitters of the Basal Nuclei
				Glutamate-Releasing Neurons
				GABA-Releasing Neurons
				Dopamine-Releasing Neurons
				Acetylcholine-Releasing Neurons
				Neuropeptide-Releasing Neurons
			“Direct” and “Indirect” Loops (Pathways) of the Basal Nuclei
			Circuits that Modulate Activity of the Basal Nuclei
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Basal Nuclei
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 15: Cerebellum
			Morphology of the Cerebellum
				Gray Matter and White Matter
				Folding of the Cerebellar Cortex
				Layers of the Cerebellar Cortex
				Neurons of the Cerebellar Cortex
				Zones of the Cerebellum
				Lobes of the Cerebellum
			Cerebellar Peduncles
				Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
				Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Pontis)
				Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
			Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
				Dentate Nucleus
				Globose and Emboliform Nuclei (Interposed Nuclei)
				Fastigial Nucleus
			Afferents (Input) to the Cerebellum
				Mossy Fibers
				Climbing Fibers
				Monoaminergic Fibers
				Afferents from Other Sources
			Efferents (Output) from the Cerebellum
				Efferent Fibers from Purkinje Cells
			Functional Organization of the Cerebellum: Intrinsic Circuitry
				Excitatory Inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex
				Inhibitory Inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex
				Inhibitory Output from the Cerebellar Cortex
				Output from the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
				Influence of Mossy and Climbing Fibers on Cerebellar Output
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cerebellum
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 16: Reticular Formation
			Morphology of the Reticular Formation
				Neurons of the Reticular Formation
				Nuclei of the Reticular Formation
			Zones of the Reticular Formation
				Median Zone (Also Known as the Median Column, Midline Raphe, Median Reticular Formation)
				Paramedian Zone (Also Known as the Paramedian Column, Paramedian Reticular Nuclei, Paramedian Reticular Nuclear Group, Paramedian Reticular Formation)
				Medial Zone (Also Known as the Medial Column, Magnocellular Reticular Formation, Central Group of Reticular Nuclei)
				Lateral Zone (Also Known as the Lateral Column, Parvocellular Reticular Formation, Lateral Nuclear Group)
			Nuclei Associated with the Reticular Formation
				Precerebellar Reticular Nuclei
				Periaqueductal Gray Matter
			Input to and Output from the Reticular Formation
				Afferents (Input) to the Reticular Formation
				Efferents (Output) from the Reticular Formation
			Functions of the Reticular Formation
				Control of Motor Activity
				Control of Pain Sensation
				Modulation of the Autonomic Nervous System
				Coordination of Cranial Nerve Function
				Influence on the Endocrine System
				Control of Consciousness
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Reticular Formation
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 17: Cranial Nerves
			Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
			Optic Nerve (CN II)
			Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
			Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
			Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
				The Trigeminal System
				Trigeminal Nuclei
				Trigeminal Tracts
				Trigeminal Pathways
			Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
				Abducens Nucleus
			Facial Nerve (CN VII)
			Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
			Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
			Vagus Nerve (CN X)
			Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
			Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cranial Nerves
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 18: Visual System
			Eye
				External Layer
				Middle Layer
				Internal Layer
				Molecular Biology of the Rods and Cones
				Lens
			Central Visual Pathways
				Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
				Superior Colliculus
				Geniculocalcarine Tract (Optic Radiations, Thalamocortical Projections)
				Visual Cortex
				Columnar Organization of the Primary Visual Cortex
			Visual Reflexes
				Pupillary Light Reflex
				Pupillary Dilation Reflex
				Convergence Accommodation Reflex
				Corneal Blink Reflex
				Visual Fields
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Visual System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 19: Auditory System
			Ear
				Outer Ear
				Middle Ear
				Inner Ear
			Auditory Transmission
			Central Auditory Pathways
				Superior Olivary Nuclei (Complex)
				Lateral Lemniscus
				Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus
				Inferior Colliculus
				Medial Geniculate Nucleus
				Auditory Cortex
				Descending Auditory Projections
				Sound Attenuation Reflex
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Auditory System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 20: Vestibular System
			Vestibular Apparatus
				Bony (Osseous) Labyrinth Associated with Equilibrium
				Membranous Labyrinth Associated with Equilibrium
				Vestibular Receptors
				Otoliths
				Mechanisms of Action of the Vestibular Apparatus
			Vestibular Nerve (CN VIII)
			Central Pathways of the Vestibular System
				Vestibular Nuclear Complex
				Termination of the Vestibular Nerve First Order Afferent Fibers
				Afferent Projections (Input) to the Vestibular Nuclei
				Efferent Projections (Output) from the Vestibular Nuclei
				Vestibular Thalamic and Cortical Projections
			Control of Ocular Movements
				Vestibular Control of Eye Movements
				Conjugate Horizontal Ocular Movements
				Conjugate Vertical Ocular Movement
			Vestibular Nystagmus
			Caloric Nystagmus
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vestibular System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 21: Olfactory System
			Olfactory Receptor Cells
			Olfactory Transduction
			Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
			Central Connections of the Olfactory System
				Olfactory Bulb
				Olfactory Tract
				Olfactory Cortex
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Olfactory System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 22: Limbic System
			Limbic Lobe
				Subcallosal, Cingulate, and Parahippocampal Gyri
				Hippocampal Formation
				Amygdala (Amygdaloid Body, Complex, Nuclei)
			Brainstem Centers Associated with Limbic System Function
				Hypothalamus
				Thalamus
				Habenular Nuclei
				Ventral Tegmental Area
				Locus Ceruleus and Dorsal Raphe
			Pathways of the Limbic System
				Alveus, Fimbria, and Fornix
				Perforant Pathway
				Cingulum
				Septohippocampal Tract
				Ventral Amygdalohypothalamic Tract
				Mammillothalamic Tract (Mammillary Fasciculus)
				Mammillointerpeduncular Tract
				Mammillotegmental Tract
				Stria Terminalis
				Stria Medullaris (Thalami)
				Anterior Commissure
				Diagonal Band of Broca
				Habenulointerpeduncular Tract (Tractus Retroflexus)
			Limbic Association Cortex
			Limbic System Input to the Endocrine, Autonomic, and Somatic Motor Systems
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Limbic System
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 23: Hypothalamus
			Borders
			Hypothalamic Zones and Component Nuclei
				Periventricular Zone
				Medial (Middle) Zone
				Lateral Zone
			Hypothalamic Regions (Areas) and Component Nuclei
				Preoptic Region
				Supraoptic (Anterior, Chiasmatic) Region
				Tuberal (Intermediate, Middle) Region
				Mammillary (Posterior) Region
			Connections of the Hypothalamus
				Afferents (Input) to the Hypothalamus
				Efferents (Output) from the Hypothalamus
			Pathways of the Hypothalamus
				Afferent Pathways to the Hypothalamus
				Efferent Pathways from the Hypothalamus
				Bidirectional Pathways
			Functions of the Hypothalamus
				Regulation of Body Temperature
				Regulation of Food Intake and the Sleep–Wake Cycle
				Regulation of Fluid Intake
				Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
				Role in Emotion, Memory, and Aggression
			Hypothalamohypophyseal Connections
				Neurohypophysis
				Adenohypophysis
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Hypothalamus
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 24: Thalamus
			Borders
			Anatomy
			Internal and External Medullary Laminae
			Thalamic Nuclei
				Anatomical Classification
				Functional Organization of the Thalamic Nuclei (Subnuclei)
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Thalamus
			Questions to Ponder
		Chapter 25: Cerebral Cortex
			Cells of the Cerebral Cortex
				Pyramidal Cells
				Fusiform Cells
				Stellate (Granule) Cells
				Horizontal Cells of Cajal
				Cells of Martinotti
			Types of Cortex
				Allocortex
				Mesocortex
				Isocortex (Neocortex)
			Cell Layers of the Neocortex
				Layer I: Molecular (Plexiform) Layer
				Layer II: External Granular Layer
				Layer III: External Pyramidal Layer
				Layer IV: Internal Granular Layer
				Layer V: Internal Pyramidal Layer
				Layer VI: Multiform (Fusiform) Layer
			Vertical Columnar Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
			Afferents (Input) to the Cerebral Cortex
			Efferents (Output) from the Cerebral Cortex
				Association Fibers
				Commissural Fibers
				Projection Fibers
			Internal Capsule and Corona Radiata
			Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
				Borders
			Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
				Cortical Areas Controlling Motor Activity
				Primary Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
				Sensory Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
			Cerebral Dominance
			Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cerebral Cortex
			Questions to Ponder
	Questions to Ponder: Answers to Odd Questions
	Index
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