A Textbook Of Advanced Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery

Cover
A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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Contents
Preface
Section 1 Surgery of Impacted Teeth:  Complications and Concepts
	Chapter 1 Complications Following Surgery of Impacted Teeth and Their Management
		1. Introduction
		2. Complications associated with surgery of impacted teeth
			2.1. Complications during surgery of impacted teeth
				2.1.1. Complications associated with the impacted or adjacent tooth
					2.1.1.1. Displacement of lower third molars
					2.1.1.2. Displacement of upper third molars
				2.1.2. Soft tissue complications
				2.1.3. Nerve injuries
				2.1.4. Bone complications
					2.1.4.1. Mandibular fracture
					2.1.4.2. Fractures of the maxillary tuberosity
				2.1.5. Maxillary sinus complications
				2.1.6. Complications associated with surgical equipment
				2.1.7. Swallowing and aspiration
			2.2. Complications after the impacted teeth surgery
				2.2.1. Pain
				2.2.2. Swelling and surgical edema
				2.2.3. Trismus
				2.2.4. Infection (alveolar osteitis / alveolitis / dry socket, osteomyelitis)
				2.2.5. Bone or soft tissue hemorrhage
				2.2.6. Delayed healing and wound dehiscence
		3. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 2 New Concepts in Impacted Third Molar Surgery
		1. Introduction
		2. Assessments for removal of impacted third molars
			2.1. Arch-space tooth-size discrepancy
			2.2. Other factors for preventive removal
			2.3. Presurgical assessment
				2.3.1. Weight
				2.3.2. Depth of impaction
				2.3.3. Pathological processes
				2.3.4. Orientation of the impaction
				2.3.5. Root morphology and number of roots
				2.3.6. Proximity of the alveolar nerve
				2.3.7. Proximity between the second and third molars
				2.3.8. Angulation of the third molar
				2.3.9. Existing periodontal pocket
				2.3.10. Preoperative NSAIDS and analgesic agents
				2.3.11. Radiographic evaluations
				2.3.12. Age
				2.3.13. Temporomandibular joint problems
				2.3.14. Nerve involvement
				2.3.15. Coronectomy as an option
				2.3.16. Sinus communication
				2.3.17. Flap design
				2.3.18. Periodontal defect
			2.4. Damage to the gingiva
			2.5. Double impactions
		3. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
Section 2 Oral  and  Maxillofacial Infections: Diagnosis and  Management
	Chapter 3 Odontogenic Infections
		1. Introduction
		2. Microbiology of dental infections
		3. Anatomical Spread of Infection
			3.1. Upper lip
			3.2. Canine fossa
			3.3. Buccal space
			3.4. Palate
			3.5. Pterygomandibular space
			3.6. Submasseteric space
			3.7. Infratemporal space
			3.8. Parotid space
			3.9. Submandibular space
			3.10. Submental space
			3.11. Sublingual space
			3.12. Pharyngeal space
			3.13. Retropharyngeal space
		4. Evaluation of patients with dentofacial infections
			4.1. History taking
			4.2. Physical examination
				4.2.1. Clinical features
			4.3. Radiological examination
		5. Antibiotic therapy in dentofacial infections
		6. Surgical management of odontogenic infections
		7. Specific infections
			7.1. Osteomyelitis
			7.2. Osteoradionecrosis
			7.3. Osteonecrosis secondary to bisphosphonate therapy
			7.4. Actinomycosis
			7.5. Syphilis
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 4 Non-Odontogenic Oral and Maxillofacial Infections
		1. Introduction
		2. Facial skin infections
			2.1. Impetigo
				2.1.1. Clinical presentation
				2.1.2. Treatment
			2.2. Folliculitis
				2.2.1. Clinical presentation and etiology
				2.2.2. Treatment
			2.3. Furuncle and carbuncle
				2.3.1. Clinical presentation
				2.3.2. Treatment
			2.4. Cellulitis
				2.4.1. Clinical presentation
				2.4.2. Treatment
			2.5. Erysipelas
				2.5.1. Clinical presentation
				2.5.2. Treatment
			2.6. Craniofacial necrotizing fasciitis
				2.6.1. Clinical presentation
				2.6.2. Treatment
		3. Infected tissue fillers
			3.1. Tissue fillers
			3.2. Complications of tissue fillers
			3.3. Role of biofilms
			3.4. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				3.4.1. Treatment
		4. Cervico-facial lymphadenitis
			4.1. Anatomy and pathophysiology
			4.2. Acute bacterial lymphadenitis
				4.2.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.2.2. Treatment
			4.3. Cat scratch disease
				4.3.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.3.2. Treatment
			4.4. Tularemia
				4.4.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.4.2. Treatment
			4.5. Syphilis
				4.5.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.5.2. Treatment
			4.6. Infectious mononucleosis
				4.6.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.6.2. Treatment
			4.7. Rubella
				4.7.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.7.2. Treatment
			4.8. Toxoplasmosis
				4.8.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				4.8.2. Treatment
		5. Orofacial tuberculosis
			5.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
			5.2. Treatment
		6. Atypical (non-tuberculous) mycobacteriosis
			6.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
			6.2. Treatment
		7. Salivary gland infections
			7.1. Bacterial infections
				7.1.1. Acute bacterial sialadenitis
					7.1.1.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
					7.1.1.2. Treatment
				7.1.2. Chronic bacterial sialadenitis
					7.1.2.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
					7.1.2.2. Treatment
				7.1.3. Juvenile recurrent parotitis
					7.1.3.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
					7.1.3.2. Treatment
			7.2. Viral infections
				7.2.1. Mumps
					7.2.1.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
					7.2.1.2. Treatment
			7.3. Fungal infections
			7.4. Parasite infections
			7.5. Granulomatous infections
		8. Paranasal sinuses infections
			8.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
			8.2. Treatment
		9. Orbital infections
			9.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
			9.2. Treatment
		10. Interstitial fungal infections
			10.1. Candidiasis
			10.2. Cryptococcosis
			10.3. Aspergillosis
			10.4. Zygomycosis
				10.4.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				10.4.2. Treatment
			10.5. Histoplasmosis
		11. Deep neck infections
			11.1. Peritonsillar abscess
				11.1.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				11.1.2. Treatment
			11.2. Parapharyngeal abscess
				11.2.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				11.2.2. Treatment
			11.3. Retropharyngeal abscess
				11.3.1. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
				11.3.2. Treatment
			11.4. Danger space and prevertebral space infections
			11.5. Bezold’s abscess
			11.6. Cervical Necrotizing Fasciitis
		Author details
		References
Section 3 Oral and  Maxillofacial Pathologies: Diagnosis and Management
	Chapter 5 Diagnosis and Manvagement of Common Oral and Maxillofacial Lesiovns
		1. Introduction
		2. Epithelial tumors
			2.1. lnverted papilloma
				2.1.1. Clinical features
				2.1.2. Histopathology
				2.1.3. Treatment and prognosis
			2.2. Squamous cell carcinoma
				2.2.1. Clinical features
				2.2.2. Radiographic features
				2.2.3. Histopathologic features
				2.2.4. Treatment and prognosis
			2.3. Pleomorphic adenoma
				2.3.1. Clinical features
				2.3.2. Histopathology
				2.3.3. Treatment and prognosis
			2.4. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
				2.4.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				2.4.2. Histopathologic features
				2.4.3. Treatment and prognosis
			2.5. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma
				2.5.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				2.5.2. Histopathologic features
				2.5.3. Treatment and prognosis
			2.6. Adenoid cystic carcinoma
				2.6.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				2.6.2. Histopathologic features
				2.6.3. Treatment and prognosis
			2.7. Basal cell carcinoma
				2.7.1. Clinical features
				2.7.2. Histopathologic features
				2.7.3. Treatment and prognosis
			2.8. Verrucous carcinoma
				2.8.1. Clinical features
				2.8.2. Histopathology
				2.8.3. Treatment and prognosis
		3. Malignant soft tissue tumors
			3.1. Fibrosarcoma
				3.1.1. Clinical features
				3.1.2. Histopathologic features
				3.1.3. Immunohistochemistry
				3.1.4. Treatment and prognosis
			3.2. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
				3.2.1. Clinical features
				3.2.2. Histopathology
				3.2.3. Immunohistochemistry
				3.2.4. Treatment and prognosis
			3.3. Angiosarcoma
				3.3.1. Clinical features
				3.3.2. Histopathology
				3.3.3. Immunohistochemistry
				3.3.4. Treatment and prognosis
			3.4. Rhabdomyosarcoma
				3.4.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				3.4.2. Histopathologic features
				3.4.3. Immunohistochemistry
				3.4.4. Treatment and prognosis
			3.5. Leiomyosarcoma
				3.5.1. Clinical features
				3.5.2. Histopathology
				3.5.3. Treatment and prognosis
			3.6. Kaposi sarcoma
				3.6.1. Clinical features
				3.6.2. Histopathology
				3.6.3. Immunohistochemistry
				3.6.4. Treatment and prognosis
			3.7. Liposarcoma
				3.7.1. Clinical features
				3.7.2. Histopathologic features
				3.7.3. Treatment and prognosis
		4. Benign and malignant odogentic tumors
			4.1. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT)
				4.1.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				4.1.2. Histopathology
				4.1.3. Treatment and prognosis
			4.2. Ameloblastic Fibroma (AF)
				4.2.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				4.2.1. Histopathology
				4.2.2. Treatment and prognosis
			4.3. Cementoblastoma
				4.3.1. Clinical features
				4.3.2. Radiologic features
				4.3.3. Histopathologic features
				4.3.4. Treatment and prognosis
			4.4. Odontoma (complex and compound)
				4.4.1. Clinical features
				4.4.2. Radiologic features
				4.4.3. Histopathology
			4.5. Odontogenic Myxoma (OM) /Myxofibroma
				4.5.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				4.5.2. Histopathology
				4.5.3. Treatment and prognosis
			4.6. Ameloblastoma
				4.6.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				4.6.2. Histopathology
				4.6.3. Treatment and prognosis
			4.7. Ameloblastic carcinomas
				4.7.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				4.7.2. Histopathology
				4.7.3. Treatment and prognosis
			4.8. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
				4.8.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				4.8.2. Histopathologic features
				4.8.3. Treatment and prognosis
		5. Lesions of hematologic origin
			5.1. Hodgkins lymphoma
				5.1.1. Clinical features
				5.1.2. Histopathologic features
				5.1.3. Treatment and prognosis
			5.2. Burkitt's lymphoma
				5.2.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				5.2.2. Histopathologic features
				5.2.3. Treatment and prognosis
			5.3. Plasmacytoma
				5.3.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				5.3.2. Histopathologic features
				5.3.3. Immunohistochemistry
				5.3.4. Treatment and prognosis
			5.4. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
				5.4.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				5.4.2. Histopathologic features
				5.4.3. Immunohistochemistry
				5.4.4. Treatment and prognosis
		6. Bone tumors
			6.1. Cherubism
				6.1.1. Clinical features
				6.1.2. Radiologic features
				6.1.3. Histopathologic features
				6.1.4. Prognosis and therapy
			6.2. Paget’s disease
				6.2.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				6.2.2. Histopathologic features
			6.3. Osteoid osteoma
				6.3.1. Treatment and prognosis
			6.4. Osteoma
				6.4.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				6.4.2. Histopathologic features
				6.4.3. Treatment and prognosis
			6.5. Juvenile ossifying fibroma
				6.5.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				6.5.2. Histopathologic features
				6.5.3. Treatment and prognosis
			6.6. Fibrous dysplasia
				6.6.1. Clinical and radiographic features
					6.6.1.1. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the jaws
			6.7. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
				6.7.1. Jaffe lichtenstein syndrome and mccune albright syndrome
				6.7.2. Histopathologic features
				6.7.3. Treatment and prognosis
			6.8. Giant cell granuloma
				6.8.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				6.8.2. Histopathology
				6.8.3. Treatment and prognosis
			6.9. Chondrosarcoma
				6.9.1. Clinical and radiographic findings
				6.9.2. Histopathologic features
				6.9.3. Treatment and prognosis
			6.10. Osteosarcoma
				6.10.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				6.10.2. Histopathologic features
				6.10.3. Treatment and prognosis
			6.11. Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) /Primitive Neurvoectodermal Tumor (PNET)
				6.11.1. Clinical features
				6.11.2. Histopathology
				6.11.3. Immunohistochemistry
				6.11.4. Treatment and prognosis
		7. Neuroectodermal tumors
			7.1. Neurofibroma
				7.1.1. Clinical features
				7.1.2. Histopathology
				7.1.3. Immunohistochemistry
				7.1.4. Treatment and prognosis
			7.2. Schwannoma
				7.2.1. Clinical and radiographic features
				7.2.2. Histopathology
				7.2.3. Immunohistochemistry
				7.2.4. Treatment and prognosis
			7.3. Malignant melanoma
				7.3.1. Clinical features
				7.3.2. Histopathology
				7.3.3. Immunohistochemistry
				7.3.4. Treatment and prognosis
		Author details
		References
Section 4 Large and Agressive Maxillofacial Cysts: Trends in Management
	Chapter 6 Treatment of Large Cysts of the Mandible with Autografts of Cancellous Bone from the Tibia
		1. Introduction
		2. Background
		3. Grafts
		4. Cysts
		5. Diagnostics and pre-surgical procedures
		6. Surgical technique for harvesting cancellous bone from the proximal tibia via medial access
		7. Post-operative care
		8. Discussion
		9. Summary
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 7 Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors – Clinical and Molecular Features
		1. Introduction
		2. Prevalence
		3. Etiology and pathogenesis
			3.1. Genetic factors in pathogenesis of KCOTs
			3.2. Cell proliferation and apoptosis
		4. Clinical features
			4.1. Recurrence
			4.2. Malignant transformation
		5. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
		6. Radiographic features
		7. Histology
		8. Diagnosis
		9. Treatment
			9.1. Enucleation
			9.2. Resection
			9.3. Decompression
			9.4. Marsupialization
		10. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 8 Marsupialization of Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors of the Mandible: Longitudinal Image Analysis of Tumor Size via 3D Visualized CT Scans
		1. Introduction
			1.1. Marsupialization
			1.2. Treatment
			1.3. Marsupialization and secondary enucleation technique
			1.4. The effect of marsupialization by visual analysis
			1.5. The effect of marsupialization on diameter
			1.6. The effect of marsupialization on the volume
			1.7. Statistical analysis
			1.8. Approximating the reduction and the change in diameter of KCOTs in the marsupialization period
			1.9. Change of the volume of KCOTs in the marsupialization period
		2. Discussion
		Author details
		References
Section 5 Considerations in Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: Current Treatment Guidelines
	Chapter 9 Radiation and Chemotherapy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
		1. Introduction
		2. Radiotherapy
			2.1. Radiation protocols
			2.2. Dental preparation of the patient for radiation
			2.3. Management of radiation associated problems
			2.4. Salivary gland damage and xerostomia
			2.5. Mucositis
			2.6. Dysgeusia
			2.7. Orofacial pain
			2.8. Trismus
		3. Osteoradionecrosis
		4. Hyperbaric oxygen
		5. Surgery in the post-irradiated patient
		6. Role of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer
			6.1. Chemotherapeutic drugs
				6.1.1. Alkylating agents
				6.1.2. Antimetabolites
				6.1.3. Antitumor antibiotics
				6.1.4. Enzymes
				6.1.5. Random synthetics
				6.1.6. Hormones
		7. Oral and maxillofacial surgery considerations
		8. Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ)
		9. Summary
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 10 Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws – Diagnosis and Management
		1. Introduction
		2. Background
		3. Definition of BRONJ
		4. Bisphosphonates
			4.1. Mechanism of action
			4.2. Types of bisphosphonates
			4.3. Bisphosphonate use
			4.5. Adverse effects
			4.6. Possible mechanism leading to BRONJ
		5. BRONJ
			5.1. Incidence of BRONJ
			5.2. Clinical presentation
			5.3. Paraclinical tests
		6. Differential diagnosis
		7. Risk factors for development of BRONJ
			7.1. Risk factors associated with bisphosphonates
			7.2. Risk factors related to the dento-alveolar system
			7.3. Other risk factors
		8. Where to refer the patient if BRONJ is suspected
		9. Termination of bisphosphonate therapy after diagnosis of BRONJ
		10. Algorithm of actions following development of BRONJ
		11. Prevention of BRONJ
			11.1. Before the start of bisphosphonate therapy
			11.2. After the start of bisphosphonate therapy
		12. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
Section 6 Oral and Maxillofacial Vascular Anomalies: Diagnosis and Treatment
	Chapter 11 Vascular Anomalies of the Maxillofacial Region: Diagnosis and Management
		1. Introduction
		2. Hemangiomas
			2.1. Infantile hemangiomas
			2.2. Congenital hemangiomas
				2.2.1. Rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas
				2.2.2. Non-involuting congenital hemangiomas
		3. Etiology
			3.1. Placental origin theory
			3.2. Estrogen signaling theory
			3.3. Hypoxia theory
			3.4. Theory of angiogenesis involved growth factors
			3.5. Genetic theory
		4. Clinical findings
			4.1. Diagnosis
			4.2. Differential diagnosis
		5. Complications
		6. Management
			6.1. Surgery
			6.2. Laser surgery
			6.3. Cryotherapy
			6.4. Corticosteroids
				6.4.1. Systemic corticosteroids
				6.4.2. Local corticosteroids
			6.5. Interferons ALFA-2a, ALFA 2-b
			6.6. Sclerotherapy
			6.7. Propranolol
			6.8. Imiquimod
			6.9. Bleomycin
		7. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
Section 7 Laser Applications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
	Chapter 12 Applications of Low Level Laser Therapy
		1. Introduction
			1.1. Characteristics of the low level laser therapy (LLLT)
			1.2. Designation
			1.3. Exposure
			1.4. Basic principles of LLLT effects
			1.5. General contraindications for LLLT
			1.6. Laser hygiene
		2. Applications of lllt
			2.1. Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU)
			2.2. Oral lichen planus (OLP)
			2.3. Herpes simplex infections
			2.4. Xerostomia
			2.5. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS)
			2.6. Mucositis
			2.7. Paresthesia
			2.8. Implants
			2.9. Pain from orthodontic treatment
			2.10. Periodontology
			2.11. Dentin hypersensitivity
			2.12. Temporomandibular disorders
		Acknowledgements
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 13 Application of Diode Laser in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
		1. Introduction
		2. Laser applications in OMF surgery
			2.1. Advantages
			2.2. Laser Types
			2.3. Laser osteotomy
			2.4. Benigin oral lesions
			2.5. Premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa
			2.6. Selected malignant lesions
			2.7. Fluorescence spectroscopy and photodynamic therapy (PDT)
			2.8. Esthetic and plastic indications
			2.9. Surgical indications in children
			2.10. Temporomandibular joint laser-assisted surgery
			2.11. Dental implantology
			2.12. Laser hemostasis
		3. Application of diode laser for soft tissue surgery
			3.1. Fibromas
			3.2. Mucoceles
			3.3. Palatal lesions
			3.4. Epulis fissuratum
			3.5. Exposure of impacted teeth
			3.6. Crown lengthening
			3.7. Dental implantology
			3.8. Therapeutic uses
			3.9. Endodontic surgery
			3.10. Safety aspects
		4. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
Section 8 Maxillofacial Fractures: Diagnosis and Management
	Chapter 14 Management of Mandibular Fractures
		1. Introduction
		2. Historical overview
		3. Diagnosis
			3.1. Clinical examination
			3.2. Radiographic examination
			3.3. Computed tomography examination
		4. Closed versus open treatment of mandibular fractures
		5. Rigid fixation
			5.1. Compression plates
			5.2. Reconstruction plates
			5.3. Locking reconstruction plates
			5.4. Lag screw fixation
			5.5. Miniplates
			5.6. Microminiplates
			5.7. Bioresorbable plates
			5.8. Three-dimensional miniplates
		6. General principles
			6.1. Surgical technique
				6.1.1. Teeth in the line of fracture
				6.1.2. Antibiotics and mandible fractures
		7. Treatment of specific fractures
			7.1. Symphysis fractures
				7.1.1. Mandibular body fractures
				7.1.2. Angle fractures
				7.1.3. Condyle fractures
		8. Fracture classification
			8.1. Pediatric fractures
			8.2. Edentulous fractures
			8.3. Infected fractures
		9. Complications
			9.1. Malocclusion and malunion
			9.2. Infection
			9.3. Delayed union and nonunion
			9.4. Nerve injury
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 15 Management of Midfacial Fractures
		1. Introduction
		2. Surgical anatomy
		3. Initial management of the midfacial trauma patient
			3.1. Primary Survey: ABCs
			3.2. Physical examination
			3.3. Preoperative considerations
			3.4. Intraoperative management
		4. Dentoalveolar fractures
			4.1. Clinical examination
			4.2. Imaging
			4.3. Classification
			4.4. Treatment
				4.4.1. Dental tissues and pulp
				4.4.2. Injuries to periodontal tissues
				4.4.3. Injuries to the supporting bone
				4.4.4. Complications
		5. Le Fort fractures
			5.1. Clinical Examination
				5.1.1. Le Fort I fractures (Guerin fracture)
				5.1.2. Le Fort II fractures
				5.1.3. Le Fort III fractures
				5.1.4. Treatment
				5.1.5. Complications
		6. Fractures of the zygomatic bone
			6.1. Clinical examination
			6.2. Treatment
			6.3. Complications
		7. Orbital fractures
			7.1. Clinical examination
			7.2. Treatment
			7.3. Complications
		8. Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures
			8.1. Clinical examination
			8.2. Treatment
			8.3. Complications
		9. Midfacial fractures in children
		Author details
		References
Section 9 Advanced Maxillofacial Distraction Osteogenesis: State-of-the-Art
	Chapter 16 Distraction Osteogenesis
		1. Introduction
		2. The biology of distraction osteogenesis
		3. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis
			3.1. Mandibular lengthening
				3.1.1. Lengthening for asymmetry
				3.1.2. Unilateral mandibular hypoplasia
				3.1.3. Hemifacial microsomia
				3.1.4. Hemifacial microsomia
				3.1.5. Facial asymmetry
				3.1.6. Mandibular asymmetry due to condylar ankylosis
			3.2. Bilateral hypoplasia
				3.2.1. Severe mandibular deficiency
				3.2.2. Mandibular deficiency
			3.3. Mandibular widening
			3.4. Maxillary distraction osteogenesis
			3.5. Maxillary and midfacial advancement
				3.5.1. Cleft lip and palate and class III malocclusion
			3.6. Maxillary expansion
				3.6.1. Skeletal class III malocclusion and narrow maxilla
				3.6.2. Maxillary transverse deficiency
			3.7. Alveolar distraction osteogenesis
				3.7.1. Vertical alveolar distraction osteogenesis
				3.7.2. Alveolar deficiency
			3.8. Horizontal alveolar distraction osteogenesis
		Author details
		References
Section 10 Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction
	Chapter 17 Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects
		1. Introduction
		2. Defect evaluation
		3. Reconstruction plates
		4. Free bone grafting
		5. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
			5.1. A hyperbaric oxygen protocol in mandibular reconstructions
		6. Clinical cases
			6.1. Clinical case
		7. Clinical case
			7.1. Clinical case
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 18 Microsurgical Reconstruction of Maxillary Defects
		1. Introduction
		2. Anatomy
		3. Historical procedures for maxillary reconstruction
		4. Classifying midfacial defects
			4.1. Type l: Limited maxillectomy
				4.1.1. Treatment
			4.2. Type ll: Subtotal maxillectomy
				4.2.1. Treatment
			4.3. Type lll: Total maxillectomy
				4.3.1. Type llla
				4.3.2. Type lllb
			4.4. Type lV: Orbitomaxillectomy
			4.5. Reconstruction with vascularized autogenous tissue
		5. State of the art procedures: Flap prefabrication and prelamination
			5.1. Flap prefabrication
			5.2. Flap prelamination
			5.3. Flap maturation
			5.4. Flap transfer
		6. Osseointegration techniques
		7. Summary
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 19 Maxillofacial Reconstruction of Ballistic Injuries
		1. Introduction
		2. Presentation
			2.1. High-velocity projectiles
			2.2. Low-velocity projectiles
		3. Management
			3.1. Controversies in comprehensive management: Early vs. delayed intervention
				3.1.1. Proponents of delayed intervention
				3.1.2. Proponents of early intervention
			3.2. Injury assessment
		4. Early comprehensive management of ballistic injuries to the face
			4.1. Indications for early intervention to treat both hard and soft tissue ballistic injuries at the first operation
			4.2. Contraindications for early intervention to treat both hard and soft tissue ballistic injuries in the first operation
			4.3. Treatment procedure (inside-out and bottom-up)
		5. Clinical course
		6. Discussion
			6.1. Rationale for primary comprehensive management of hard and soft tissues at the time of the first operation
			6.2. Overview of consequences inherent to delayed management
			6.3. Hard tissue management
			6.4. Soft tissue management
			6.5. Antibiotics
			6.6. General health
			6.7. Mental health
			6.8. Revisions
		7. Summary
			7.1. Surgical Intervention in ballistic injuries
				7.1.1. Soft-tissue reconstruction
				7.1.2. Soft-tissue procedures
					7.1.2.1. Perioral reconstruction
					7.1.2.2. Midface and cheek reconstruction
					7.1.2.3. Periorbital reconstruction
				7.1.3. Hard-tissue injuries
				7.1.4. Clinical course
		8. Discussion
			8.1. Timing treatment
			8.2. Basic surgical stages
			8.3. Revisions
			8.4. Basic flap principles
				8.4.1. Patterns
				8.4.2. Defect size assessment
				8.4.3. Benefits of the rhomboid flap
				8.4.4. Benefits of Z-plasty
				8.4.5. Free flaps
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 20 Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery
		1. Introduction
		2. Prevalence and classification
		3. Embryology
		4. Treatment of cleft lip and palate
		5. Timing of surgical repair
		6. Cleft lip and palate repair
			6.1. Presurgical taping and presurgical orthopedics
		7. Cheilorrhaphy
		8. Unilateral cleft lip repair
		9. Bilateral lip repair
		10. Palatorrhaphy
		11. Alveolar cleft grafts
		12. Source of bone graft
		13. Iliac crest
		14. Allogeneic bone and bone substitutes
		15. Surgical technique for grafting the cleft alveolus
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 21 The Cosmetic Considerations in Facial Defect Reconstruction
		1. Introduction
		2. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 22 Current Advances in Mandibular Condyle Reconstruction
		1. Introduction
		2. Clinical indication
		3. Mesenchymal stem cells
		4. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound
		5. Articular condyle
		6. TMJ replacement
		7. Biological replacement of mandibular condyle
		8. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)
			8.1. Mechanical stress and intracellular signaling
		9. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
Section 11 Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Implantology
	Chapter 23 Concepts in Bone Reconstruction for Implant Rehabilitation
		1. Introduction
		2. Considerations for reconstruction
			2.1. Bone density
			2.2. Bone graft materials and mechanism of bone regeneration
			2.3. Types of bone grafts
			2.4. Properties of graft materials
			2.5. Bone growth factors
		3. Treatment plan for bone augmentation
			3.1. Rationale for bone augmentation
		4. Bone augmentation techniques
			4.1. Socket preservation/ Guided bone regeneration
			4.2. Block bone grafting technique
			4.3. Ridge expansion (split) technique
			4.4. Sinus augmentation
			4.5. Distraction osteogenesis
			4.6. Tent- Pole technique
			4.7. Bone ring technique
			4.8. Reconstruction of segmental bony defects
			4.9. Combination grafts
			4.10. Future augmentation approaches
		5. Surgical caveats for bone grafting
			5.1. Surgical asepsis and absence of infection
			5.2. Space maintenance
			5.3. Graft stability
			5.4. Regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP)
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 24 Outfracture Osteotomy Sinus Graft: A Modified Technique Convenient for Maxillary Sinus Lifting
		1. Introduction
		2. Concept of the Outfracture Osteotomy Sinus Grafting (OOSG) technique
			2.1. Conventional method
			2.2. New concept
		3. Advantages and Indications of the OOSG Technique
			3.1. Solution to width, as well as height problems
			3.2. Anatomical considerations
		4. Surgical technique
		5. Considerations
			5.1. Septum crossing the maxillary sinus
			5.2. Thick lateral wall of the maxillary sinus
			5.3. Bone bleeding during sinus approach
			5.4. Most natural covering membrane
			5.5. Grafting materials
		6. Fixture survival rate with outfracture osteotomy sinus graft technique
		7. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 25 Inferior Alveolar Nerve Transpositioning for Implant Placement
		1. Introduction
		2. Nerve transpositioning
			2.1. History
			2.2. Anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve
				2.2.1. Inferior alveolar nerve canal in edentulous patients
				2.2.2. The mental nerve
				2.2.3. Contents of the mandibular canal and their location
				2.2.4. Fascicular patterns
				2.2.5. Inferior alveolar nerve injury
				2.2.6. Classification of nerve injury
				2.2.7. Nerve changes following injury
				2.2.8. Clinical tests
			2.3. Indications, contraindications and limitations
			2.4. Surgical procedure of nerve transpositioning
				2.4.1. Technique
			2.5. Important considerations in nerve transposition surgery
				2.5.1. Patient selection
				2.5.2. Post-operative measures
				2.5.3. Pharmaceutical therapy and treatment of traumatic nerve injuries
		Author details
		References
Section 12 Orthognathic Surgery of Maxillofacial Deformities
	Chapter 26 Basic and Advanced Operative Techniques in Orthognathic Surgery
		1. Introduction
		2. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
		3. Preprosthetic Technique in Orthognathic Surgery
		4. Post-Traumatic Malocclusion
		5. Maxillofacial Approach
		6. Clefts and Craniofacial Syndromes
		7. Reverse Facelift
		8. Transgender Surgery
		9. Ethnic Orthognathic Surgery
		10. Reoperative Orthognathic Surgery
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 27 Rigid Fixation of Intraoral Vertico-Sagittal Ramus Osteotomy for Mandibular Prognathism
		1. Introduction
		2. Technique
		3. Discussion
		4. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 28 Soft-Tissue Response in Orthognathic Surgery Patients Treated by Bimaxillary Osteotomy. Cephalometry Compared with 2-D Photogrammetry
		1. Introduction
		2. Patients and methods
		3. Results
		4. Discussion
		5. Conclusion
		6. Conflict of interest
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 29 Corticotomy and Miniplate Anchorage for Treating Severe Anterior Open-Bite: Current Clinical Applications
		1. Introduction
		2. Current clinical applications for treating severe AOB
			2.1. Traditional orthodontic treatment options for AOB
			2.2. Orthognathic surgery techniques for AOB
			2.3. Titanium implants or bone anchors for AOB
			2.4. Corticotomy assisted maxillary impaction with bone anchor miniplates
		3. Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		Author details
		References
Section 13 Esthetic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
	Chapter 30 Office – Based Facial Cosmetic Procedures
		1. Introduction
		2. Injectable fillers
			2.1. Background
			2.2. Anatomy of the skin
			2.3. Filler types
				2.3.1. Non-permanent fillers
					2.3.1.1. Collagen replacements
					2.3.1.2. Hyaluronic acid
					2.3.1.3. Autogenous fat
					2.3.1.4. Cymetra
				2.3.2. Semi-permanent fillers
					2.3.2.1. Sculptra
					2.3.2.2. Hydroxyapatite fillers
				2.3.3. Permanent fillers
					2.3.3.1. ArteFill
					2.3.3.2. Injectable silicone
			2.4. Treatment considerations
			2.5. Injection techniques
				2.5.1. Serial Puncture
				2.5.2. Linear threading
				2.5.3. Fanning
				2.5.4. Cross-hatching
			2.6. Indications
				2.6.1. Treating the lips
				2.6.2. Injecting oral commissures
				2.6.3. Injecting perioral rhytids
				2.6.4. Injecting the nasolabial folds
				2.6.5. Glabellar folds
				2.6.6. Forehead lines
				2.6.7. Tear trough/malar region
			2.7. Post – operative care
			2.8. Complications
		3. Autologous fat transfer
			3.1. Background
			3.2. Indications
			3.3. Fat harvesting
				3.3.1. Donor site
					3.3.1.1. Lower abdomen
					3.3.1.2. Inner thigh
					3.3.1.3. Anterior thigh
					3.3.1.4. Lateral thigh
					3.3.1.5. Inner knee
					3.3.1.6. Buttock
					3.3.1.7. Lower back
					3.3.1.8. Triceps region
				3.3.2. Local anesthesia
				3.3.3. Aspiration technique
			3.4. Preparation
				3.4.1. Centrifugation / washing
				3.4.2. Addition of growth factors
			3.5. Fat reinjection
			3.6. Fat graft survival
			3.7. Fat storage
			3.8. Complications
		4. Botulinum neurotoxin injection
			4.1. Background
			4.2. Bacteriology
			4.3. Structure and toxicity
			4.4. Mechanism of action
			4.5. Preparations
				4.5.1. BoNT-A
				4.5.2. BoNT-B
			4.6. Indications
			4.7. Contra – indications
			4.8. Dosage
			4.9. Injection technique
			4.10. Applications
				4.10.1. Glabellar rhytids
				4.10.2. Horizontal forehead rhytids
				4.10.3. Brow lift
				4.10.4. Eyebrow asymmetry
				4.10.5. Peri – orbital rhytids
				4.10.6. Hypertrophic pre – tarsal orbicularis
				4.10.7. Nasalis muscle
				4.10.8. Gummy smile
				4.10.9. Perioral rhytides
				4.10.10. Mid – facial asymmetry
				4.10.11. Depressor anguli oris
				4.10.12. Mental crease
				4.10.13. Lower facial asymmetry
				4.10.14. Masseteric hypertrophy
			4.11. Complications
		5. Facial resurfacing
			5.1. Anatomy of the skin
			5.2. Patient selection
			5.3. Pretreatment skin preparation
			5.4. Resurfacing procedures
				5.4.1. Chemical peel resurfacing
					5.4.1.1. Introduction
					5.4.1.2. Indications
					5.4.1.3. Superficial chemical peels
					5.4.1.4. Medium-depth peels
					5.4.1.5. Deep phenol peels
					5.4.1.6. Technique
					5.4.1.7. Post-operative care
					5.4.1.8. Complications
				5.4.2. Dermabrasion
					5.4.2.1. Introduction
					5.4.2.2. Indications and contra-indications
					5.4.2.3. Dermabraders and devices
					5.4.2.4. Pre-operative considerations
					5.4.2.5. Pre-operative considerations
					5.4.2.6. Post-operative care
					5.4.2.7. Complications
				5.4.3. Microdermabrasion
				5.4.4. Laser resurfacing
					5.4.4.1. Introduction
					5.4.4.2. Ablative lasers
					5.4.4.3. Non-ablative lasers
					5.4.4.4. Indications
					5.4.4.5. Technique
					5.4.4.6. Post-operative care
					5.4.4.7. Complications
				5.4.5. Fractional photo-thermolysis (FP)
		6. Conclusion
		Author details
		References
	Chapter 31 Facial Sculpturing by Fat Grafting
		1. Introduction
		2. History of fat grafting
		3. Surgical technique
			3.1. Selection of donor site
			3.2. Donor site preparation and local anesthesia infiltration
			3.3. Fat harvesting
			3.4. Perils and pitfalls
			3.5. Fat processing
				3.5.1. Washing and filtering
		4. Fat transfer or injection
			4.1. Injection technique
			4.2. Key-points
		5. Indications for fat grafting
			5.1. Rejuvenation and soft tissue augmentation
		6. Complications
		Author details
		References
Section 14 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Facial Pain
	Chapter 32 Diagnosis and Management of Temporomandibular Disorders
		1. Introduction
		2. Temporomandibular disorder (TMD)
			2.1. History
			2.2. TMJ anatomy
			2.3. TMD etiology
				2.3.1. Trauma
				2.3.2. Anatomical factors
				2.3.3. Pathophysiological factors
				2.3.4. Mental factors
		3. Temporomandibular disorders classification
		4. Conservative therapy
		5. TMJ surgery
		Author details
		References