A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive, Part I (The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill - Volume 07)

Front Matter......Page 1
Editorial Committee......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Details......Page 4
Table of Contents, pp. v-xx......Page 5
Introduction, by R.F. McRae, pp. xxi-xlviii......Page 21
Textual Introduction, by J.M. Robson, pp. xlix-cviii......Page 49
Prefaces, pp. cix-cxvii......Page 110
A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive......Page 119
1. A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional, p. 3......Page 121
2. Is logic the art and science of reasoning?, p. 4......Page 122
3. Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?, p. 5......Page 123
4. Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths, p. 6......Page 124
5. Relation of logic to the other sciences, p. 9......Page 127
6. Its utility, how shown, p. 11......Page 129
7. Definition of logic stated and illustrated, p. 12......Page 130
Book I. Of Names and Propositions......Page 136
1. Theory of names, why a necessary part of logic, p. 19......Page 138
2. First step in the analysis of Propositions, p. 20......Page 139
3. names must be studied before Things, p. 22......Page 141
1. Names are names of things, not of our ideas, p. 24......Page 143
2. Words which are not names, but parts of names, p. 25......Page 144
3. General and Singular names, p. 27......Page 146
4. Concrete and Abstract, p. 29......Page 148
5. Connotative and Non-connotative, p. 30......Page 149
6. Positive and Negative, p. 41......Page 160
7. Relative and Absolute, p. 42......Page 161
8. Univocal and Aequivocal, p. 44......Page 163
1. Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. Teh Categories of Aristotle, p. 46......Page 165
2. Ambiguity of the most general names, p. 48......Page 167
3. Feelings, or states of consciousness, p. 51......Page 170
4. Feelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents, p. 52......Page 171
5. Volitions, and Actions, what, p. 54......Page 173
6. Substance and Attribute, p. 55......Page 174
7. Body, p. 56......Page 175
8. Mind, p. 63......Page 182
9. Qualities, p. 65......Page 184
10. Relations, p. 67......Page 186
11. Resemblance, p. 70......Page 189
12. Quantity, p. 73......Page 192
14. So also all attributes of minds, p. 74......Page 193
15. Recapitulation, p. 75......Page 194
1. Nature and office of the copula, p. 78......Page 197
2. Affirmative and Negative propositions, p. 80......Page 199
3. Simple and Complex, p. 81......Page 200
4. Universal, Particular, and Singular, p. 84......Page 203
1. Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas, p. 87......Page 206
2. Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names, p. 90......Page 209
3. Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class, p. 93......Page 212
4. What it really is, p. 97......Page 216
5. It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation, p. 99......Page 218
6. ---- or a resemblance, p. 102......Page 221
7. Propositions of which the terms are abstract, p. 105......Page 224
1. Essential and Accidental propositions, p. 109......Page 228
2. All essential propositions are identical propositions, p. 110......Page 229
3. Individuals have no essences, p. 114......Page 233
4. Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal, p. 115......Page 234
5. Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition, p. 116......Page 235
1. Classificaiton, how connected with Naming, p. 118......Page 237
2. The Predicables, what, p. 119......Page 238
3. Genus Species, p. 120......Page 239
4. Kinds have a real existence in nature, p. 122......Page 241
5. Differentia, p. 126......Page 245
6. Differentiae for general purposes, and differentiae for special or technical purposes, p. 128......Page 247
7. Proprium, p. 130......Page 249
8. Accidens, p. 132......Page 251
1. A definition, what, p. 133......Page 252
2. Every name can de defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis, p. 134......Page 253
4. --- and from descriptions, p. 137......Page 256
5. What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Thigns corresponding to them, p. 142......Page 261
6. --- even when such things do not in reality exist, p. 148......Page 267
7. Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding things, p. 150......Page 269
Book II. Of Reasoning......Page 274
1. Retrospect of the preceding book, p. 157......Page 276
2. Inferences improperly so called, p. 158......Page 277
3. Inferences proper, distinguished into inductions and ratiocinations, p. 162......Page 281
1. Analysis of the Syllogism, p. 164......Page 283
2. The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition, p. 172......Page 291
3. What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination, p. 176......Page 295
4. The other form of the axiom, p. 179......Page 298
1. Is the syllogism a petitio principii?, p. 183......Page 302
2. Insufficiency of the common theory, p. 184......Page 303
3. All inference is from particulars to particulars, p. 186......Page 305
4. General propositions are a record of such inferences, and the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of the record, p. 193......Page 312
6. The true type, what, p. 199......Page 318
7. Relation between Induction and Deduction, p. 202......Page 321
8. Objections answered, p. 203......Page 322
9. Of Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth, p. 206......Page 325
2. A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences, p. 209......Page 328
3. --- from particulars to particulars through marks of marks, p. 212......Page 331
4. Why there are deductive sciences, p. 214......Page 333
5. "Why" other sciences still remain experimental, p. 218......Page 337
6. Experimental sciences may become deductive by the progress of experiment, p. 219......Page 338
7. In what manner htis usually takes place, p. 221......Page 340
1. The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses, p. 224......Page 343
2. Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances "exaggerated or" omitted, p. 227......Page 346
3. Some fo the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical, p. 229......Page 348
4. --- but are experimental truths, p. 231......Page 350
5. An objection answered, p. 233......Page 352
6. Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined, p. 236......Page 355
1. All deductive sciences are inductive, p. 252......Page 371
2. The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience, p. 253......Page 372
3. In what sense hypothetical, p. 258......Page 377
4. The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical, p. 259......Page 378
5. Definition of demonstrative evidence, p. 260......Page 379
1. Doctrine of the Universal Postulate, p. 262......Page 381
2. The test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience, p. 264......Page 383
3. --- nor is implied in every process of thought, p. 266......Page 385
4. Objections answered, p. 273......Page 392
5. Sir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle, p. 276......Page 395
Book III. Of Induction......Page 400
1. Importance of an Inductive Logic, p. 283......Page 402
2. The logic of science is also that of business and life, p. 284......Page 403
1. Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations, p. 288......Page 407
2. --- from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics, p. 290......Page 409
3. --- and from descriptions, p. 292......Page 411
4. Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction, p. 294......Page 413
5. Further illustraiton of the preceding remarks, p. 303......Page 422
1. Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature, p. 306......Page 425
2. Not true in every sense. induction per enumerationem simplicem, p. 311......Page 430
3. The question of Inductive Logic states, p. 313......Page 432
1. The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws, p. 315......Page 434
2. Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions, p. 318......Page 437
3. Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others?, p. 320......Page 439
1. The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation, p. 323......Page 442
2. --- i.e., the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent, p. 326......Page 445
3. The caus of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions, p. 327......Page 446
4. The distinction of agent and patient illusory, p. 334......Page 453
5. Case in which the effect consists in giving a property to an object, p. 336......Page 455
6. The cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the unconditional invariable antecedent, p. 338......Page 457
7. Can a cause be simultaneous with its effect?, p. 342......Page 461
8. Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent, p. 344......Page 463
10. Theory of the Conservation of Force, p. 348......Page 467
11. Doctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined, p. 353......Page 472
1. Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical, p. 370......Page 489
2. The composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional, p. 373......Page 492
3. Are effects proportional to their causes?, p. 376......Page 495
1. The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements, p. 379......Page 498
2. The next is an actual seperation of those elements, p. 381......Page 500
3. Advantages of experiment over observation, p. 382......Page 501
4. Advantages of observation over experiment, p. 384......Page 503
1. Method of Agreement, p. 388......Page 507
2. Method of Difference, p. 391......Page 510
3. Mutual relation of these two methods, p. 392......Page 511
4. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference, p. 394......Page 513
5. Method of Residues, p. 397......Page 516
6. Method of Concomitant Variations, p. 398......Page 517
7. Limitations of this last method, p. 403......Page 522
1. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons, p. 407......Page 526
2. Theory of induced electricity, p. 410......Page 529
3. Dr. Wells' Theory of dew, p. 414......Page 533
4. Dr. Brown-Sequard's theory of cadaveric rigidity, p. 421......Page 540
5. Examples of the Method of Residues, p. 426......Page 545
6. Dr. Whelwell's objections to the Four Methods, p. 429......Page 548
1. One effect may have several causes, p. 434......Page 553
2. --- which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement, p. 435......Page 554
3. Plurality of Causes, how ascertained, p. 438......Page 557
4. Concurrence of Cuases which do not compound their effects, p. 440......Page 559
5. Difficulties of teh investigation, when causes compound their effects, p. 442......Page 561
6. Three modes of investigating the laws of complex effects, p. 446......Page 565
7. The method of simple observation inapplicable, p. 447......Page 566
8. The purely experimental method inapplicable, p. 449......Page 568
1. First stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate causes by direct induction, p. 454......Page 573
2. Second stage; ratiocination from teh simple laws of the complex cases, p. 458......Page 577
3. Third stage; verfication by specific experience, p. 460......Page 579
2. First mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and the fact of their coexistence, p. 464......Page 583
3. Second mode; by teh detection of an intermediate link in the sequence, p. 465......Page 584
4. Laws are always resolved into laws more general than themselves, p. 466......Page 585
5. Third mode; the subsumption of less general laws under a more general one, p. 469......Page 588
6. What the explanation of a law of nature amounts to, p. 471......Page 590
1. The general theories of the sciences, p. 473......Page 592
2. Examples from chemical speculations, p. 474......Page 593
3. Example from Dr. Brown-Sequard's researches on the nervous system, p. 476......Page 595
4. Examples of following newly-discovered laws into their complex manifestations, p. 477......Page 596
5. Examples of empirical generalizations, afterwards confirmed and explained deductively, p. 479......Page 598
6. Example from mental science, p. 480......Page 599
7. Tendency of all the sciences to become deductive, p. 481......Page 600
1. Can all the sequences in nature be resolvable into one law?, p. 484......Page 603
2. Ultimate laws cannot be less numerous than the distinguishable feelings of our nature, p. 485......Page 604
3. In what sense ultimate facts can be explained, p. 488......Page 607
4. The proper use of scientific hypotheses, p. 490......Page 609
5. Their indespensableness, p. 496......Page 615
6. The two degrees of legitimacy in hypotheses, p. 498......Page 617
7. Some inquiries apparantly hypothetical are really inductive, p. 505......Page 624
1. How a progressive effect results from the simple continuance of the cause, p. 509......Page 628
2. --- and from the prgressiveness of the cause, p. 512......Page 631
3. Derivative laws generated from a single ultimate law, p. 514......Page 633
1. Definition of an empirical law, p. 516......Page 635
2. Derivative laws commonly depend on collocations, p. 517......Page 636
3. The collocations of the permanent causes are not reducible to any law, p. 518......Page 637
4. "Hence" empirical laws cannot be relied on beyond the limits of actual experience, p. 519......Page 638
5. Generalizations which rest only on the Method of Agreement can only be received as empirical laws, p. 520......Page 639
6. Signs from which an observed uniformity of sequence may be presumed to be resolvable, p. 521......Page 640
7. Two kinds of empirical laws, p. 524......Page 643
1. The proof of empirical laws depends on the theory of chance, p. 525......Page 644
2. Chance defined and characterized, p. 526......Page 645
3. The elimination of chance, p. 530......Page 649
4. Discovery of residential phenomena by eliminating chance, p. 531......Page 650
5.Theorem of teh doctrine of chances which relates to the cause of a given event, p. 533......Page 652
1. "Foundation" of the doctrine of chances, as taught by mathematics, p. 534......Page 653
2. The doctrine tenable, p. 535......Page 654
3. On what foundation it really rests, p. 537......Page 656
4. Its ultimate dependence on causation, p. 540......Page 659
5. Theorem of the doctrine of chances which relates to the cause of a given event, p. 543......Page 662
6. How applicable to the elimination of chance, p. 545......Page 664
1. Derivative laws, when not causal, are almost always contingent on collocaitons, p. 548......Page 667
2. On what grounds they can be extended to cases beyond the bounds of actual experience, p. 549......Page 668
3. Those cases must be adjacent cases, p. 551......Page 670
1. Various senses of the word analogy, p. 554......Page 673
2. nature of analogical evidence, p. 555......Page 674
3. On what circumstances its value depends, p. 559......Page 678
1. The law of causality does not rest on an instinct, p. 562......Page 681
2. But on an induction by simple enumeration, p. 567......Page 686
3. In what cases such induction is allowable, p. 569......Page 688
4. The universal prevalence of the law of causality, on what grounds admissible, p. 572......Page 691
1. Uniformities of coexistence which result from laws of sequence, p. 578......Page 697
2. The properties of Kinds are uniformities of coexistence, p. 579......Page 698
3. Some are derivative, others ultimate, p. 581......Page 700
4. No universal axiom of coexistence, p. 582......Page 701
5. The evidence of uniformites of coexistence, how measured, p. 583......Page 702
6. When derivative, their evidence is that of empirical laws, p. 584......Page 703
7. So also when ultimate, p. 585......Page 704
8. The evidence stronger in proportion as the law is more general, p. 586......Page 705
9. Every distinct Kind must be examined, p. 587......Page 706
2. Aproximate generalizations less useful in science than in life, p. 591......Page 710
3. In what cases they may be resorted to, p. 593......Page 712
4. In what manner proved, p. 594......Page 713
5. With what precautions employed, p. 596......Page 715
6. The two modes of combining probabilities, p. 597......Page 716
7. How approximate generalizations may be converted into accurate generalizations equivalent to them, p. 602......Page 721
1. Propositions which assert mere existence, p. 604......Page 723
2. Resemblance, considered as a subject of science, p. 605......Page 724
3. The axioms and theorems of mathematics comprise the principal laws of resemblance, p. 607......Page 726
4. --- and those of order in place, and rest on induction by simple enumeration, p. 608......Page 727
5. The propositions of arithmetic affirm the modes of formation of some given number, p. 610......Page 729
6. Those of algebra affirm the equivalence of different modes of formation of numbers generally, p. 613......Page 732
7. The propositions of geometry are laws of outward nature, p. 616......Page 735
8. Why geometry is almost entirely deductive, p. 618......Page 737
9. Function of mathematical truths in the other sciences, and limits of that function, p. 620......Page 739
2. Examination of Hume's doctrine of miracles, p. 622......Page 741
3. The degrees of improbability correspond to differences in the nature of the generalization with which an assertion conflicts, p. 626......Page 745
4. A fact is not incredible because the chances are against it, p. 630......Page 749
5. Are coincidences less credible than other facts, p. 632......Page 751
6. An opinon of Laplace examined, p. 634......Page 753
End of Volume VII, p. 638......Page 757