A Student Grammar of Turkish

Cover
......Page 1
A Student Grammar of Turkish......Page 3
Title
......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
Dedication
......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Conventions used in the book......Page 12
Chapter 1 Introduction......Page 13
2.1 Vowels......Page 16
2.2 Long vowels......Page 17
2.3 Consonants......Page 18
2.4 Vowel harmony......Page 20
2.5 Exceptions to vowel harmony......Page 21
2.6 Consonant assimilation......Page 24
2.7 Final devoicing and k alternation......Page 25
2.8 Consonant clusters and epenthetic vowels......Page 28
2.9 High vowel omission......Page 29
2.11 Word stress......Page 30
2.12 Exceptions to the word-final stress rule......Page 31
3.1 Nouns and noun phrases......Page 34
3.3 Derivation of nouns......Page 35
3.4 Nominal compounds......Page 36
4.1 The locative......Page 39
4.2 The dative......Page 42
4.3 The ablative......Page 44
4.4 The accusative......Page 46
4.5 The instrumental / comitative......Page 50
5.1 The genitive......Page 53
5.2 Genitive-possessive structures......Page 54
5.3 Possessive + var/yok `I have...’
......Page 57
5.4 Some special and obligatory uses of the possessive......Page 58
5.5 Possessives with quantifier phrases......Page 59
5.6 Genitive-possessive construction chains......Page 60
5.7 Possessive compounds......Page 62
6.1 Plural with -lAr......Page 66
6.3 Cardinal numbers......Page 68
6.4 bir 'one' or 'a(n)'
......Page 69
6.5 Ordinal numbers......Page 71
6.6 Distributive numbers......Page 72
6.7 The time......Page 73
6.8 Telephone numbers......Page 74
6.10 Age......Page 75
6.11 Measuring substances......Page 76
6.13 Yar, yarm and other fractions......Page 78
6.14 Arithmetical terms......Page 80
7.1 Locative and possessive existentials......Page 81
7.2 var/yok in subordination
......Page 83
7.4 Tense and aspect on var/yok
......Page 84
7.6 yok vs. değil
......Page 85
8.1 Personal pronouns......Page 87
8.2 Demonstrative pronouns......Page 88
8.3 Locative pronouns......Page 89
8.5 şey and insan 
......Page 90
9.1 Verbal inflection......Page 92
9.2 Derivation of verbs......Page 94
9.3 Derivation with voice suffixes......Page 95
9.5 Verbs with et-, ol-, çek-, at-, and geç-......Page 96
10.2 The form......Page 99
10.4 Person markers......Page 100
10.6 The -Iyor paradigm......Page 101
11.2 The form......Page 103
11.5 Future time adverbs......Page 104
11.6 Future in nominal sentences witholacak......Page 105
12.3 The -DI paradigm......Page 109
12.4 Past time adverbs......Page 110
12.5 -DI vs. -(y)DI
or idi......Page 112
13.2 The form......Page 115
13.4 -(y)mIş and imiş
......Page 116
14.1 The meaning and use......Page 120
14.4 The aorist paradigm......Page 121
Chapter 15 -mAktA and -DIr......Page 125
Chapter 16 Imperative and optative......Page 127
17.1 -Iyor + -(y)DI, the past progressive......Page 131
17.2 -Arl-lr + -(y)DI, 'used to/would otherwise'
......Page 133
17.3 -(y)AcAK ± -(y)DI, 'was going to’
......Page 134
17.5 -Iyor, -(y)AcAK, -Ar/-Ir, -mIş + -(y)mIş
......Page 135
18.1 Person markers on nouns and adjectives......Page 138
18.2 Person markers on pronouns......Page 140
18.4 Person markers on verbs......Page 141
19.1 Simple postpositions and their case-marked complements......Page 143
19.2 Possessive-marked postpositions......Page 146
19.3 Spatial postpositions with the possessive......Page 148
19.4 Postpositions with clausal complements......Page 151
20.3 Passive contexts......Page 158
20.4 Passive and case markers......Page 159
20.5 The tarafndan phrase and the -CA suffix......Page 163
21.2 Case markers......Page 165
21.4 Double causative......Page 166
22.2 Reflexive pronoun......Page 169
22.3 Emphatic kendi and kendi kendine......Page 170
22.4 Use of kendi as a personal pronoun......Page 171
23.1 Reciprocal verbs......Page 172
23.3 Reciprocal pronoun birbiri......Page 173
24.1 -DIK and -(y)AcAK with verbal predicates......Page 175
24.2 Nominal sentences......Page 177
24.3 Existential sentences with var and yok......Page 178
24.4 Subordination of questions......Page 179
24.5 De- vs. söyle- and diye......Page 182
25.1 The infinitive -mAK......Page 184
25.2 -mA vs. -mAk......Page 185
25.3 -DIK vs. -mA......Page 190
25.5 Clauses with -(y)lş
......Page 192
26.2 Derived adjectives......Page 194
26.3 Locative ki construction......Page 196
26.5 Superlative structures......Page 197
26.6 Question words as modifiers......Page 198
26.7 Quantifiers and determiners as modifiers......Page 199
26.8 Adjectives with nominalized complements......Page 200
27.2 Derivation of adverbs......Page 202
27.3 Adverbs of time......Page 204
27.4 Frequency adverbials......Page 206
27.5 Adverbs of manner......Page 208
27.6 Adverbs of place, source, location, direction......Page 209
27.8 Miscellaneous adverbs......Page 210
28.1 -sA and -(y)sA......Page 213
28.2 Irrealis or hypothetical conditional or 'wish' with -sA
......Page 214
28.3 -sA and nominals......Page 215
28.4 Other uses of -sA......Page 217
28.5 Realis conditional with -(y)sA......Page 219
28.6 -(y)sA and nominals......Page 220
28.7 keşke and eğer
......Page 221
28.8 Conditionals with question words......Page 222
28.9 Conditionals without -sA or -(y)sA......Page 223
29.2 Negative -(y)AmA, -mAyAbil, and -(y)AmAyAbil......Page 225
30.2 lazım/ şart/gerek/gerekli
......Page 229
30.4 -mAA mecbur ol-......Page 230
Chapter 31 Relative clauses......Page 233
31.1 Subject relative clauses with -(y)An......Page 234
31.2 Subject relative clauses with -(y)AcAK
(olan)......Page 236
31.3 Non-subject relative clauses with -DIK and -(y)AcAK......Page 237
31.4 Headless relative clauses......Page 242
32.1 Word order variation......Page 244
32.2 Restrictions on word order variation......Page 245
32.3 Dislocated constituents......Page 246
33.1 Yes-no questions with mI......Page 248
33.2 Question words......Page 249
33.4 Adverbs used in questions: hani, acaba, and yoksa......Page 251
33.5 mI for emphasis......Page 252
34.1 değil
......Page 253
34.3 -mA......Page 255
34.5 Tag questions with deil......Page 256
34.6 ne...ne de
......Page 257
34.7 The existential yok......Page 258
35.1 ve 'and'
......Page 259
35.3 ama, fakat, ancak, yalnz, lakin 'but'
......Page 260
35.4 de 'too’, de...de 'both’
......Page 261
35.5 -(y)Ip and -(y)ArAk
......Page 262
35.7 hem...hem, hem...hem de
......Page 263
35.9 ise and -(y)sA `as for,’ `whereas’......Page 264
35.11 Miscellaneous conjuncts......Page 265
35.12 ki......Page 266
35.13 Incomplete words in coordination......Page 267
36.1 -CIK......Page 269
36.2 -CIğIm, -CA, -CAnA, -CAğIz
......Page 270
36.3 -ImsI and -ImtrAk......Page 271
37.1 Full reduplication......Page 272
37.2 Partial reduplication......Page 273
38.1 Interjections and some idiomatic expressions......Page 276
38.2 Onomatopoeia......Page 277
39.2 Fronted vowels......Page 280
39.5 Infinitive -mAK......Page 281
39.7 Compounds......Page 282
39.9 Abbreviations......Page 284
39.10 Punctuation......Page 285
40.1 Greetings......Page 288
40.2 sen, siz, and plural agreement on verbs......Page 290
40.3 Titles and forms of address......Page 291
40.4 Family relations......Page 292
Appendix A Verbal inflection paradigms......Page 294
Appendix B Nominal inflection paradigms......Page 298
Appendix C Verbs categorized according to their case-marked complements......Page 301
Appendix D Verbs categorized according to their clausal complement types......Page 305
Appendix E Selected grammar books for further study......Page 308
Appendix F Answer key to the exercises......Page 309
Appendix G Glossary of grammatical terms......Page 330
Index......Page 333