A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 9
Copyright page......Page 10
Dedication......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
List of Maps......Page 15
Ancient Silk Routes......Page 35
World Trade System, Third Millennium BC......Page 57
Ancient Canals at Suez......Page 69
Winter Monsoon Winds and Summer Monsoon Winds......Page 71
Athenian Grain Routes......Page 77
Incense Lands and Routes......Page 95
The World of Medieval Trade......Page 112
The Spice Islands......Page 146
Eastern Mediterranean Spice/Slave Trade, Circa AD 1250......Page 158
The Black Death, Act I: AD 540–800......Page 169
The Black Death, Act II: 1330–1350......Page 173
The Tordesillas Line in the West......Page 201
Da Gama\'s First Voyage, 1497–1499......Page 203
The Global Wind Machine......Page 233
Banda (Nutmeg) Islands......Page 259
Strait of Hormuz......Page 263
Dutch Empire in Asia at its Height in the Seventeenth Century......Page 265
Coffee-Growing Area and Ports of Late-Medieval Yemen......Page 282
The Sugar Islands......Page 301
Pearl River Estuary......Page 317
The Erie Canal and Saint Lawrence Systems in 1846......Page 357
World Oil Flows, Millions of Barrels per Day......Page 400
List of Tables......Page 0
1–1  Expedition of Queen Hatshepsut......Page 65
6–1  Population of Medieval England......Page 177
10–1  Imports to Dutch East India Company at Amsterdam......Page 276
10–2  Annual Transatlantic Slave Trade......Page 308
11–1  Price of Wheat in England 1700–1850......Page 334
12–1  Break-Even Point between Sail and Steam......Page 359
12–2  Annual World Ship Construction......Page 361
12–3  Schematic of Early Mechanical Refrigeration Unit......Page 367
13–1  Wheat Prices in Liverpool vs. Chicago, 1850–1913......Page 371
13–2  U.S. Import Tariffs on Dutiable Goods Under GATT......Page 391
13–3  Real Value of World Trade: 1720–2000......Page 392
14–1  Shares of Total National Income......Page 409
10–1  Proportions of New World Slave Imports between 1500 and 1880, and Their Descendant Populations in 1950......Page 309
11–1  Import Levies on Wheat: Corn Law of 1804......Page 335
13–1  Stolper-Samuelson Categories......Page 375
13–2  GATT Rounds......Page 390
14–1  Per Capita GDP in Nations Open and Closed to World Trade......Page 406
The north Arabian saddle solved the difficult problem of mounting cargo over the soft, moveable hump of the dromedary camel......Page 17
The modem government of China has revived the story of eunuch admiral Zheng He\'s seven massive expeditions into the Indian Ocean......Page 18
Vasco da Gama solved the problem of adverse winds with a \"wide swing\" to the southwest before heading eastward to the Cape of Good Hope......Page 19
The Portuguese soldier of fortune Fernão de Magalhães is today known in the English-speaking world as Ferdinand Magellan......Page 20
The three-cylinder mill, which could be operated by three or four slaves, revolutionized sugar production in the New World......Page 21
Dutch East India Company merchant Jan Pieterszoon Coen wielded the ledger book and the sword with equal efficiency and brutality......Page 22
Sir Josiah Child, governor of the English East India Company, spoke forcefully against protectionism in public and liberally greased palms in private......Page 23
In 1757, a young colonel, Robert Clive, defeated a French-supported native force at Plassey and gained for the Company its first substantial conquest in India......Page 24
This schematic drawing demonstrates the conditions of extreme crowding on a slave ship......Page 25
James Matheson, the scion of a wealthy Scottish family, was able to buy his way directly into the \"country trade\" between China and India......Page 26
Richard Cobden, a textile printer by trade, became the foremost opponent of the corn laws......Page 27
This Punch cartoon satirizes the persuasive Richard Cobden\'s conversion of prime minister Sir Robert Peel toward support of corn law repeal......Page 28
John C. Calhoun shared the anger of his fellow South Carolinians against northern protectionism and was the architect of the nullification crisis of 1833......Page 29
Félix Jules Méline engineered the passage of a drastic tariff law in 1892......Page 30
Representative Willis Hawley and Senator Reed Smoot congratulate each other on the signing of their 1930 tariff bill......Page 31
This photograph of economists Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson was taken fifty years after they developed a theorem that explained who wins, and who loses, with free trade......Page 32
Introduction  [1]......Page 33
A Note to the Reader......Page 50
1  Sumer  [20]......Page 52
2  The Straits of Trade  [43]......Page 75
3  Camels, Perfumes, and Prophets  [54]......Page 86
4  The Baghdad-Canton Express  [77]......Page 109
5  The Taste of Trade and the Captives of Trade  [110]......Page 142
6  The Disease of Trade  [130]......Page 162
7  Da Gama\'s Urge  [152]......Page 184
8  A World Encompassed  [198]......Page 230
9  The Coming of Corporations  [214]......Page 246
10  Transplants  [241]......Page 273
11  The Triumph and Tragedy of Free Trade  [280]......Page 312
12  What Henry Bessemer Wrought  [316]......Page 348
13  Collapse  [338]......Page 370
14  The Battle of Seattle  [366]......Page 398
Acknowledgments  [387]......Page 419
Introduction......Page 421
1  Sumer......Page 422
2  The Straits of Trade......Page 424
3  Camels, Perfumes, and Prophets......Page 425
4  The Baghdad-Canton Express......Page 426
5  The Taste of Trade and the Captives of Trade......Page 429
6  The Disease of Trade......Page 430
7  Da Gama\'s Urge......Page 432
8  A World Encompassed......Page 436
9  The Coming of Corporations......Page 438
10  Transplants......Page 439
11  The Triumph and Tragedy of Free Trade......Page 443
12  What Henry Bessemer Wrought......Page 449
13  Collapse......Page 452
14  The Battle of Seattle......Page 456
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Illustration Credits  [449]......Page 481
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