A Social History Of Nineteenth Century France

Contents
	Acknowledgements
	Introduction
Part One: A Changing Environment
	1 The economy: continuity and change
	Introduction
	Agriculture
	Continuity with change c. 1800-c. 1850
	Change with continuity, c. 1850-1914
	Industry
	Demand for industrial products
	Industrial structures
	Growth rates
	Industrial geography
	2 The demographic indicators
	Introduction
	Mortality
	Poverty
	Diet
	Housing
	Public hygiene
	Health standards
	Medical care
	Differential mortality
	Procreation
	Marriage and the family
	Birth rate
	Age structure
	Urbanization
Part Two: Social Relationships
	3 Elites
	Introduction
	Wealth — the first stage in definition
	Élite structures
	Social mobility
	Power
	Conclusion
	4 The middle classes
	Introduction
	Structures
	Socio-professional sub-groups
	Landowners
	Liberal professions
	Businessmen
	Office workers
	Social mobility
	Inner divisions
	5 Peasants
	Introduction
	Landownership
	Overall structures
	Tenant farmers
	Sharecroppers
	Agricultural labourers
	Rural industry
	Social mobility
	The family
	Communities
	Structures
	Interrelationships
	Mentalités
	Social relationships
	Protest
	Peasants and politics
	Conclusion
	6 Urban working classes
	Introduction
	Structures
	Artisans
	Domestic workers
	Industrial workers
	Workers in services
	Social mobility
	Working conditions
	Living standards
	Family and community
	Protest
	Workers’ organizations
	Workers and politics
Part Three: Social Institutions
	7 Religion
	The Roman Catholic Church
	Parish clergy
	The religious orders
	Pastoral care
	Protestants and Jews
	The church and society
	Moral order
	Politics
	Religious geography
	The characteristics of religious belief
	Social élites
	The middle classes
	Peasants
	Urban workers
	Women and religion
	Anti-clericalism
	8 Education
	Introduction
	Primary education
	The creation of a school network
	The education of girls
	School attendance
	Teachers and teaching methods
	Literacy
	Technical training
	Primary education and social mobility
	Secondary education
	Schools
	Attendance
	Secondary school teachers
	The syllabus
	Higher education
	Significance of the development of education
	Linguistic change
	Development of the mass media
	Conclusions
9 In conclusion: state and society
	Notes and references
	Chapter 1 The economy: continuity and change
	Chapter 2 The demographic indicators
	Chapter 3 Elites
	Chapter 4 The middle classes
	Chapter 5 Peasants
	Chapter 6 Working classes
	Chapter 7 Religion
	Chapter 8 Education
	Chapter 9 In conclusion: state and society
	Select bibliography
	General
	Regional studies
	The economy
	Demographic indicators
	Elites
	Middle classes
	Peasants
	Working classes
	Church
	Education
	State
	Index