A Practical Approach to Rheology and Rheometry

Preface......Page 9
1. Introduction to Rheometry......Page 11
2.2 Shear stress......Page 15
2.3 Shear rate......Page 16
2.5 Kinematic viscosity......Page 17
2.6 Flow and viscosity curves......Page 18
2.7 Viscosity parameters......Page 20
2.8 Substances......Page 21
2.9 Boundary conditions or measuring constraints of......Page 31
2.10 Absolute rheometry/viscometry......Page 35
3.1 Rotational rheometers/viscometers......Page 36
3.2 Capillary viscometers......Page 70
3.3 The Falling Ball Viscometer......Page 83
4.2 What causes a fluid to be visco-elastic?......Page 86
4.3 How to measure visco-elasticity......Page 91
5.1 Shear rates in polymer processing......Page 142
5.2 Applying a latex layer to a carpet in a continuous process......Page 146
5.3 The problem of plug flow......Page 148
5.4 Examples for an estimation of a relevant shear......Page 149
6.1 How accurate are capillary and falling ball......Page 161
6.2 How accurate are rotational viscometers and......Page 162
6.3 Possible causes of misinterpretation of test results......Page 177
7. The Problem of Shear Heating......Page 195
8.1 Measuring thixotropy......Page 197
8.2 The measurement of yield stresses......Page 203
9.1 Transformation of flow to viscosity curves......Page 215
9.2 Considerations with respect to the evaluation of......Page 216
9.3 Curve-fitting with rheological equations......Page 219
9.4 The possible pitfalls of extrapolated regression......Page 221
9.5 Corrections on measured “raw” data required as in the......Page 224
9.6 The ”WLF”–time-temperature superposition......Page 235
9.7 Evaluation of the long-term viscous and elastic......Page 240
9.8 Mathematical treatment of test results in retrospect......Page 243
10.1 Preliminary remarks......Page 244
10.2 Assessing shear rates in mixer sensors.......Page 245
10.3 The relevance of relative torque rheometer data.......Page 248
10.4 Rheograms......Page 249
10.5 Testing processibility with mixer sensors......Page 251
10.6 Examples of processibility tests with mixer sensors.......Page 252
11.1 Knowing the basic behavior of the sample to be tested.......Page 263
11.4 Special test requirements......Page 264
11.5 Budget restrictions......Page 265
12. Literature References......Page 266
13.1 Comparison of rotational rheometers/viscometers......Page 268
13.2 Tabulated comparison of capillary viscometers......Page 274
13.3 Comparison of the falling ball viscometer and......Page 278
13.4 An example of a stepwise variation of test conditions......Page 280
13.5 Examples of typical genuine rheograms of an RS100 in......Page 285