A New Beginning?: Spatial Planning and Research in Europe between 1945 and 1975

Contents
Preface
	References
I Spatial planning in selected European countries
	Spatial planning in Switzerland from 1945 to 1975
		End of the war: perspectives over the border
		The beginnings of a pre‑1945 spatial planning movement − a brief overview
		1945: Political support for Swiss spatial planning fails to materialise
		Actor networks
		Städte wie wir sie wünschen
		Achtung: die Schweiz and the New Town
		Spatial planning via the diversions of hazard prevention
		Regional planning as a pioneering achievement
		Spatial planner training
		Grand plans
		Tradition of private initiatives
		Creation of the constitutional basis and struggle for a spatial planning law
		A revolutionary act of federalism
		New influences from 1970
		International professional exchange
		Conclusion
		References
	The role of spatial planning in the organization of Poland’s space 1945−1975
		The first post‐war years. Period of the three‐ and six‐year plan (up to 1955)
		Period of a thaw and stagnation (1956−1970)
		The 1970s
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Polish regional and spatial planning, a short account of 20th plus century
		Introduction
		Mid‐war period
			Reunification of the territory
			Major investment projects
			Regional planning
			Concepts of national spatial planning
		People’s Poland
			Post‐war recovery
			The Stalinist‐totalitarian period
			The thaw of 1956
			Unambitious stability of the 1960s
			The dreams of power
			The lost decade of the 1980s
			Independent Poland
			National spatial planning
			Regional planning
		Concluding remarks
		References
	A long path. Spatial planning and research in Austria from 1945 until 1975
		The new Second Republic
		The end of the war
		The initial political and administrative situation
		The reality of 1945
		Excursus into the legal bases of spatial planning in Austria
		The administrative side of planning and its development
		Advisory boards
		Attempts at provisional solutions
		The image of spatial planning
		The pressure for a legal basis
		The first spatial‐planning‐law for the province of Salzburg
		Clarification of competences by the Constitutional Court
		Consulting Statements and Changes
		A breakthrough followed by a long process
		The political climate is changing
		Regional and sectoral planning in the provinces
		Spatial planning on the national level
		Cooperation in Spatial Planning
		University education for spatial planning
		Expanding research
		Looking back
		References
	Aménagement du territoire in France 1945–1975: a synchronic analysis
		Introduction
		L’aménagement du territoire: balance − spatial justice − (economic) development
			A search for balance
			A search for spatial justice
			Encouraging and supporting economic development
		Aménagement du territoire action in response to the main challenges of the period
			To overcome economic and cultural concentration by decentralising
			Ensuring the development of neglected, little or insufficiently developed areas
			Strengthening the urban structuring and the urban network of the country
		A national policy centrally steered by the State
			National political and administrative steering
			Frameworks for action established by the State
			The mobilisation of State financial resources and the use of legal means
		Conclusion: unequivocal results
		References
	1945–1975: What if Italy had been reconstructed through spatial planning?
		Foreword: the spatial planning discourse in Italy
		The post‐World War II challenge
			The spatial planning development
		The Post‐War legacy: level of statutory territorial and urban plans in Italy
			Urban planning and architecture
			Management and governance
		The Progetto ’80 – a political answer to critical questions
			The Project ‘80
		The reference models
		Evolutionary synthesis of Italian spatial planning from 1945 to 1975
		The decision‐makers of the plan: the companies producing and managing services of general interest (water, energy, railways, roads, etc.)
		The CasMez‐SVIMEZ‐INU Trio and the special projects
		What was missing
			Environment, tourism and settlement
		Advanced tertiary
		Concluding remarks
		References
	The Spanish case: from integral to sectoral plans; from land use to building permits for economic growth and developers
		Presentation
		The origins of the physical land use planning and its link to the municipal scale; the unsuspected precedent for future land price speculation
		Territorial dynamics and planning instruments experiences from 1939 to land law of 1956 − metropolitan plans and provincial plans
			Planning metropolitan spaces
			Provincial planning attempts, achieved and failed plans
			The milestone of the 1956 Land and Urban Planning Law (LS56); a reactive but ambitious law
		The LS56: a good law, but with few results due to the lack of political will and that of powerful economic sectors conniving with the Francoist regime.
			Overflowing and unfulfilled planning
			The predominance of Sectoral Planning (for economic growth) over comprehensive spatial planning
		The starting point towards a new Spatial Planning Policy of a supra‐local nature: the reform of the Land Law of 1975.
		By way of final synthesis
		References
	Barcelona 1950–1980
		A step back
		Heidegger in Darmstadt, 1951
		Sun, air, and vegetation
		The Houses of the Congress
		A revolutionary mayor
		Mass construction
		Motor racing
		The eternal omnipresent speed
		A city made for speed
		The Meridiana bridges
		The skyscrapers
		The cheerful slums
		Love as principle
		The poet of the future city
		The Siberian of 1961
		The Olympic torch arrives in Barcelona in 1968
		The urbanization of Zone B
		No New Towns
		The Ribera Superblock Plan
		Visions and divisions of Barcelona
		I choose Barcelona
		The second miracle
		The Great Rectification
		A spatial vision for Europe
	Dutch spatial planning experience, the era of rebuilding 1950–1975
		Introduction
		The politics of Rebuilding
		The segmented city
			Housing and Urban Renewal
		Regional Planning
		Emerging national planning
		Crisis, rethinking and a paradigm shift
		References
		Reports
	Luxembourg‐Kirchberg: heading towards the new European city
		Introduction
		The unknown Kirchberg: What had happened before 1945
		The known Kirchberg: driver of modern European urbanism
		The future Kirchberg: between path dependence and new beginnings
		Outlook
		Note
		References
	Land use, settlement, regional and territorial planning in the German Democratic Republic – on concepts and significance of spatial planning in Eastern Germany 1945–1975
		As a beginning
		FRG and GDR – different positions in spatial planning
		Historical roots of German spatial planning
		A new beginning as SBZ
		A new beginning as DDR (GDR)
		Economic planning as central target
			GDR – the development of a political system of its own
		Claim and reality
		References
	Spatial planning in Western Germany from 1945 to 1975
		Zero hour (1945) in Western Germany
		Reconstruction without spatial planning – 1945 to 1960
		Almost no territorial and regional planning in the first years after 1945
		A new beginning: the Reconstruction Acts of the Länder
		The German Federation and spatial planning in the 1950s
		Another new beginning: planning at the level of the Federal States
		From planning euphoria to planning scepticism (1960–1980)
		Territorial planning at federal level
		The failure of a centralised spatial policy
		North‐Rhine Westphalia as a pioneer of Land use planning
		The North Rhine‐Westphalia Programme 1975
		Peri‐urban planning until the end of the 1970s
		The structural crisis in the Ruhr Area and regional planning in NRW
		Changes in territorial planning: the Federal Spatial Planning Report 1978
		Summary
		References
II Reflexions
	Spatial planning in Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany. Approaches to a comparison for the period after 1945 – with a view to future perspectives
		A preliminary remark
			Different starting points for the post‐war period
				The Swiss path to spatial planning
			Spatial planning developments from 1975/1979 until today
			Comparison of spatial planning notions
				The necessary struggle for political standing
			Thoughts on the future
		References
	Dutch planning: insider/outsider perspective
		Introduction
		Research on Dutch Planning
		National Spatial Planning
		Turning to Europe
		Conclusion
		References
	French Aménagement du Territoire: roots and underlying narratives. New perspectives
		Objectives and results of 30 years of spatial planning
		Periodization: classic breakdown and new perspective
		A debate on the immediate origins of regional planning: what continuity exists between Vichy and the Fourth Republic?
		A new approach through narratives
		Aménagement du territoire: the great narratives of the period, and some of the personalities who embodied them.
		Some iconic figures and pivotal moments in planning, and how they made history by weaving together several narratives
			The Plan Commission (CGP) – de Gaulle and Monnet
			The Declaration of 9 May 1950 – Schuman and Monnet
			The role of Paul Delouvrier
			The Greater Paris Region Master Plan (1965) – contradictory or complementary to the DATAR’s action?
			The DATAR Scenario of the Unacceptable (1969)
			Conclusion: what legacy results from this founding period in 2021?
		References
III European perspectives
	Spatial planning in Europe: from curiosity and engagement to scepticism and hope – a planner’s European journey
		Abstract
		The Territorial Agenda 2030: a hope for balanced European spatial development?
		Early European Visions
		Pan‐European dreams replaced by visions of a German Empire
		1945: Dawn of a Europe Union – no eye for spatial planning
		My pilgrim’s journey to spatial development in Europe
		The beginnings, CEMAT and Torremolinos
			The Council of Europe
			European activities by German planning associations
			Carrefours Européenes
			AIFPUR and AESOP
			Europe 2000, 2000+ and the Bunch of Grapes
			The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP)
			The Jean Monnet Chair of European Planning in Dortmund
		Scepticism, though not without hope
		References
	In search of unknowable novelty – a challenge to European spatial planning
		Introduction regarding visions, utopias, futuring in spatial planning
		Conceptual framework
		Discussion of metropolitan vision examples (empirical case I)
		TA2030, New Leipzig Charter and other scenario work in the EU (empirical case ll)
		Discussion NOVI NL (empirical case Ill)
		Towards unknowable novelty in European spatial planning – what do we want to achieve?
		References
	A short history of European spatial policy since 1945
		Introduction
		1945–1955: Reconstruction of postwar cities and territorial disputes
			Housing, reconstruction, displaced persons
			Reparation payments and the role of coal and steel regions
			The Upper‐Silesian coal basin
			Saarland (Protectorat de la Sarre)
			Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr region)
		1951-1957: The founding of the three communities
			Schumann declaration and the founding of the ECSC
			The Treaty of Paris of 1951: ECSC
			The Treaties of Rome of 1957: EEC and Euratom
			From the Treaty of Rome to ERDF 1975
			First enlargement 1973
			The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/1975)
		Nordic Council and Benelux association
			Nordic Council
			Benelux association – Union Economique BeNeLux
			Since 1955: CRONWE – planners’ network NWE
			A look forward to the 1990s: the ESDP view on the core Pentagon area
			Brunet’s blue banana
		1958: First cross‐border association (Euregio)
			Eurode: a case of a cross‐border twin municipality
		Multinational institutions and provisions
			1967: German‐Dutch spatial planning commission
			1991: German‐Polish spatial planning commission
			Council of Europe: Madrid Convention, 1980
			The Accord of Karlsruhe of January 23, 1996
			European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), 2007
		European Spatial Policy beyond the EU
			European Spatial Policy in the CEMAT
			Torremolinos Charter
			UN‑ECE
			UN‑HABITAT
			Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD)
		Networks of regions and cities
			1973: Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions (CPMR)
			1986: Eurocities
			1996: METREX
			1999: STRING
		EU Regional and Spatial Policy after 1975
			The ESDP process (1989–1999): European Spatial Planning becomes institutionalized
		Territorial Cohesion after the Lisbon Treaty 2007
			2007–2020: The three Territorial Agendas
			Territorial Cohesion and Equivalent living conditions
			Battis/0ptKersten: three dimensions of territorial cohesion
			Equivalent living conditions in international contexts?
		Conclusion
		References
	What if there had been a spatial vision for Europe?
		Introduction
		Build back better – alternative lessons from 1945–1975
		What if there had been a European spatial planning vision
		A more Integrated & Just Europe – 1950–1970
			Rebuilding Europe
			Rebuilding Europe’s transport networks to seamless transnational space
			Rebuilding Europe’s (tele) communication networks
			Rebuilding Europe’s energy networks
			Boosting specialised urban areas in a European polycentric network
			Towards a multi‐national European society
			European spatial governance
		Greener Europe – 1970 onwards
			Powerful start of European Environmental Policies
			Accelerating transition
			Empowering environmental policies
			… with policies of cohesion
			…with borderless lives
			… with a European public
			…with blooming landscapes
			…with truly integrated networks
			…including the fringes
			…unfolding the green, blue & colourful
			…being in it together
		What if we had a vision for Europe today?
		References
Appendix
	About the authors