A New Agenda For Football Crowd Management: Reforming Legal and Policing Responses to Risk

Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
List of Figures
1: Introduction
	‘Euro Sunday’
	Knee-Jerk Reactions and Panic Law
	Remit, Aims, and Original Contribution of This Book
	Methodology
	Football Crowd Regulation in England and Wales in 2022
	References
2: The Historical Development of Policing and the Law at Football Matches in the UK
	Introduction
	The Historical Development of Football Crowd Disorder and the Emergence of ‘Football Hooliganism’
	‘Hooliganism’ and State Response: The 1970s and 1980s
	Changing Trends: 1990–2000
	Football Violence, Disorder, and Anti-social Behaviour in the Twenty-First Century
	The Development of Academic Understandings of Football Crowd Disorder
	Conclusion
	References
3: Legal Measures to Prevent Violence and Disorder at Football
	Introduction
	Stadium Safety Interventions
	The Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol, etc.) Act 1985
	Sporting Events Act (Fireworks)
	The Football (Offences) Act 1991 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
	Other Relevant Legislative Provisions
	Football Banning Orders
	Judicial Responses
	Conclusions
	References
4: Policing a Football Match in the Early Twenty-First Century
	The Local Structures of Policing
	The Emergence of a Standardised Approach to Policing Public Order
	From Policing Public Order to ‘Football Hooliganism’
	Cost Recovery and ‘Special Police Services’
	Specialist Operations
	Command and Control
	Resourcing
	‘Football Intelligence’ Units
	Intelligence-Led Policing?
	Conclusions
	References
5: Risk Supporters? Understanding the Behavioural Norms of Football Fans
	Introduction
	Football Fan ‘Culture’
	Fan Subcultures and ‘Carnival Fans’
		Contemporary Developments in Match-Going Fan Behaviour
	Lost in Translation? The ‘Risk Supporter’
	Contextualising Football Intelligence: The Risk Society and the Culture of Control
	Redefining Dispositional Risk
	The Role of Organised Fan Groups
	Conclusions
	References
6: Understanding the Psychology of Football Crowds
	Introduction
	Classical Theory of Crowds
	New Perspectives on Crowd Psychology
	Policing Football Crowds: Violence as a Self-fulfilling Prophesy
	The 1998 World Cup Finals
	From Theory to Practice: Understanding and Managing Risk at Football Events
	Participant Action Research and Influencing Police Policy
	A Model of Good Practice
	Policing Euro 2004
	Conclusions
	References
7: Human Rights and Football Policing
	The European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act
	Proportionality and Articles 2, 3, 5, and 8 ECHR
	Free Expression and Assembly and Positive Obligations
	The Extension of Articles 10 and 11 Rights to Football Fans
	Obligations on Police to Protect or ‘Facilitate’ Assembly
	Human Rights Compliance in Police Decision-Making Processes
	Conclusions
	References
8: Understanding Risk in Football
	Introduction
	The Importance of History in Assessing and Managing Risk
	Case Study 1: A ‘Regional Derby’ in the North
	Case Study 2: A Historical Rivalry
	Case Study 3: A North Versus South Premier League Fixture
	Case Study 4: A New ‘Derby’
	Case Study 5: A New Rivalry?
	Case Study 6: A ‘Regional Derby’ in a Rural County
	Conclusions
	References
9: Dialogue-Based Approaches to Football Policing
	Introduction
	Criminal Intelligence Versus Dialogue
	Human Rights, Science, and the Policing of Crowds
	Dialogue Policing in Scandinavia
	Dialogue Versus ‘Spotting’ in England and Wales
	Effective DFO and Spotter Liaison
	Policing High-Risk Fan Groups: An Evidence-Based Approach
	PLTs in Football: A Model of Good Practice?
	Conclusions
	References
10: The New Agenda: Proposals for Reform in Law and Policing
	Introduction
	Part 1: Legal Reforms
		Stadium Safety
		Invading the Pitch
		Football Banning Orders
		Reform to Alcohol Legislation
	Part 2: Reforms to Football Policing
		Integrated Guidance and Human Rights
		PSU and the Problem of Verbal Engagement
	Engagement and the Operational Football Officer
		Specialist Engagement and the Role of the Clubs and Supporters
		Intelligence and Resourcing
	References
11: Conclusions
	‘The Perfect Storm’: Revisiting Euro Sunday
	Understanding Fan Behaviour and ‘Cultures’
	Intelligence, Infrastructure, and Risk
	Policing and Dialogue
	The Law and Criminal Justice System
	Procedural Justice
	The Direction of Travel
	Research Co-production and Knowledge-Exchange
	References
Appendix
	Table of Cases
	Table of Legislation
Glossary and Acronyms
Index