A-Level Chemistry for AQA: Year 1 & 2 Student Book with Online Edition: course companion for the 2023 and 2024 exams

Contents
	Contents i
	Contents ii
	Contents iii
How to use this book
Practical Skills
	1. Planning Experiments
	2. Working Safely
	3. Practical Techniques
	4. Data
	5. Analysing Results
	6. Evaluations and Errors
	7. The Practical Endorsement
Unit 1
	Unit 1 Section 1: Atomic Structure
		1. The Atom
		2. Atomic Models
		3. Relative Mass
		4. The Mass Spectrometer
		5. Using Mass Spectra
		6. Electronic Structure
		7. Ionisation Energies
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 1 Section 2: Amount of Substance
		1. The Mole
		2. Gases and the Mole
		3. Chemical Equations
		4. Equations and Calculations
		5. Titrations
		6. Formulas
		7. Chemical Yield
		8. Atom Economy
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 1 Section 3: Bonding
		1. Ionic Bonding
		2. Covalent Bonding
		3. Charge Clouds
		4. Shapes of Molecules
		5. Polarisation
		6. Intermolecular Forces
		7. Metallic Bonding
		8. Properties of Materials
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 1 Section 4: Energetics
		1. Enthalpy
		2. Bond Enthalpies
		3. Measuring Enthalpy Changes
		4. Hess’s Law
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 1 Section 5: Kinetics
		1. Reaction Rates
		2. Catalysts
		3. Measuring Reaction Rates
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 1 Section 6: Equilibria and Redox Reactions
		1. Reversible Reactions
		2. Industrial Processes
		3. The Equilibrium Constant
		4. Factors Affecting the Equilibrium Constant
		5. Redox Reactions
		6. Redox Equations
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
Unit 2
	Unit 2 Section 1: Periodicity
		1. The Periodic Table
		2. Periodicity
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 2 Section 2: Group 2 and Group 7 Elements
		1. Group 2 — The Alkaline Earth Metals
		2. Group 2 Compounds
		3. Group 7 — The Halogens
		4. Halide Ions
		5. Tests for Ions
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
Unit 3
	Unit 3 Section 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
		Organic Chemistry
		1. Formulas
		2. Functional Groups
		3. Nomenclature
		4. Mechanisms
		5. Isomers
		6. EIZ Isomers
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 3 Section 2: Alkanes and Halogenoalkanes
		1. Alkanes and Petroleum
		2. Alkanes as Fuels
		3. Synthesis of Chloroalkanes
		4. Halogenoalkanes
		5. Nucleophilic Substitution
		6. Elimination Reactions
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 3 Section 3: Alkenes and Alcohols
		1. Alkenes
		2. Reactions of Alkenes
		3. Addition Polymers
		4. Alcohols
		5. Dehydrating Alcohols
		6. Ethanol Production
		7. Oxidising Alcohols
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 3 Section 4: Organic Analysis
		1. Tests for Functional Groups
		2. Mass Spectrometry
		3. Infrared Spectroscopy
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
Unit 4
	Unit 4 Section 1: Thermodynamics
		1. Enthalpy Changes
		2. Born-Haber Cycles
		3. Enthalpies of Solution
		4. Entropy
		5. Free-Energy Change
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 4 Section 2: Rate Equations and Kp
		1. Monitoring Reactions
		2. Reaction Rates and Graphs
		3. Rate Equations
		4. The Initial Rates Method
		5. Clock Reactions
		6. Rate-concentration Graphs
		7. The Rate-determining Step
		8. The Arrhenius Equation
		9. Gas Equilibria
		10. Changing Gas Equilibria
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 4 Section 3: Electrode Potentials and Cells
		1. Electrode Potentials
		2. Standard Electrode Potentials
		3. Electrochemical Series
		4. Electrochemical Cells
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 4 Section 4: Acids, Bases and pH
		1. Acids, Bases and Kw
		2. pH Calculations
		3. The Acid Dissociation Constant
		4. Titrations and pH Curves
		5. Titration Calculations
		6. Buffer Action
		7. Calculating the pH of Buffers
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
Unit 5
	Unit 5 Section 1: Period 3 Elements
		1. Period 3 Elements
		2. Period 3 Oxides
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 5 Section 2: Transition Metals
		1. Transition Metals — The Basics
		2. Complex Ions
		3. Isomerism in Complex Ions
		4. Formation of Coloured Ions
		5. Ligand Substitution Reactions
		6. Variable Oxidation States
		7. Transition Metal Titrations
		8. Transition Metal
		9. Metal‑Aqua Ions
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
Unit 6
	Unit 6 Section 1: Isomerism and Carbonyl Compounds
		1. Optical Isomerism
		2. Aldehydes and Ketones
		3. Hydroxynitriles
		4. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
		5. Reactions and Uses of Esters
		6. Acyl Chlorides
		7. Acid Anhydrides
		8. Purifying Organic Compounds
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 6 Section 2: Aromatic Compounds and Amines
		1. Aromatic Compounds
		2. Reactions of Aromatics
		3. Amines and Amides
		4. Reactions of Amines
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 6 Section 3: Polymers
		1. Condensation Polymerisation
		2. Monomers & Repeating Units
		3. Disposing of Polymers
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 6 Section 4: Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
		1. Amino Acids
		2. Proteins
		3. Enzymes
		4. DNA
		5. Cisplatin
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
	Unit 6 Section 5: Further Synthesis and Analysis
		1. Organic Synthesis
		2. NMR Spectroscopy
		3. 13C NMR Spectroscopy
		4. 1H NMR Spectroscopy
		5. Chromatography
		6. Gas Chromatography
		Section Summary
		Exam-style Questions
Maths Skills
	1. Exam Technique
	2. Formulas and Equations
	3. Units
	4. Powers and Logarithms
	5. Graphs
Exam Help
	1. Exam Structure and Technique
	2. Diagrams
	3. The Periodic Table — Facts and Trends
Answers
	Unit 1
		Section 1: Atomic Structure
			1. The Atom
			2. Atomic Models
			3. Relative Mass
			4. The Mass Spectrometer
			5. Using Mass Spectra
			6. Electronic Structure
			7. Ionisation Energies
			Exam-style Questions — pages 43-45
		Section 2: Amount of Substance
			1. The Mole
			2. Gases and the Mole
			3. Chemical Equations
			4. Equations and Calculations
			5. Titrations
			6. Formulas
			7. Chemical Yield
			8. Atom Economy
			Exam-style Questions — pages 73-75
		Section 3: Bonding
			1. Ionic Bonding
			2. Covalent Bonding
			3. Charge Clouds
			4. Shapes of Molecules
			5. Polarisation
			6. Intermolecular Forces
			7. Metallic Bonding
			8. Properties of Materials
			Exam-style Questions — pages 105-107
		Section 4: Energetics
			1. Enthalpy
			2. Bond Enthalpies
			3. Measuring Enthalpy Changes
			4. Hess’s Law
			Exam-style Questions — pages 120-121
		Section 5: Kinetics
			1. Reaction Rates
			2. Catalysts
			3. Measuring Reaction Rates
			Exam-style Questions — pages 131-132
		Section 6: Equilibria and Redox Reactions
			1. Reversible Reactions
			2. Industrial Processes
			3. The Equilibrium Constant
			4. Factors Affecting the Equilibrium Constant
			5. Redox Reactions
			6. Redox Equations
			Exam-style Questions — pages 150-152
	Unit 2
		Section 1: Periodicity
			1. The Periodic Table
			2. Periodicity
			Exam-style Questions — page 159
		Section 2: Group 2 and Group 7 Elements
			1. Group 2 — The Alkaline Earth Metals
			2. Group 2 Compounds
			3. Group 7 — The Halogens
			4. Halide Ions
			5. Tests for Ions
			Exam-style Questions — pages 176-178
	Unit 3
		Section 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
			1. Formulas
			2. Functional Groups
			3. Nomenclature
			4. Mechanisms
			5. Isomers
			6. EIZ Isomers
			Exam-style Questions — pages 200-202
		Section 2: Alkanes and Halogenoalkanes
			1. Alkanes and Petroleum
			2. Alkanes as Fuels
			3. Synthesis of Chloroalkanes
			4. Halogenoalkanes
			5. Nucleophilic Substitution
			Exam-style Questions — pages 220-221
		Section 3: Alkenes and Alcohols
			1. Alkenes
			2. Reactions of Alkenes
			3. Addition Polymers
			4. Alcohols
			5. Dehydrating Alcohols
			6. Ethanol Production
			7. Oxidising Alcohols
			Exam-style Questions — pages 247-249
		Section 4: Organic Analysis
			1. Tests for Functional Groups
			2. Mass Spectrometry
			3. Infrared Spectroscopy
			Exam-style Questions — pages 260-263
	Unit 4
		Section 1 — Thermodynamics
			1. Enthalpy Changes
			2. Born-Haber Cycles
			3. Enthalpies of Solution
			4. Entropy
			5. Free-Energy Change
			Exam-style Questions — pages 282-285
		Section 2 — Rate Equations and Kp
			1. Monitoring Reactions
			2. Reaction Rates and Graphs
			3. Rate Equations
			4. The Initial Rates Method
			5. Clock Reactions
			6. Rate-concentration Graphs
			7. The Rate-determining Step
			8. The Arrhenius Equation
			9. Gas Equilibria
			10. Changing Gas Equilibria
			Exam-style Questions — pages 320-322
		Section 3 — Electrode Potentials and Cells
			1. Electrode Potentials
			2. Standard Electrode Potentials
			3. Electrochemical Series
			4. Electrochemical Cells
			Exam-style Questions — pages 338-340
		Section 4 — Acids, Bases and pH
			1. Acids, Bases and Kw
			2. pH Calculations
			3. The Acid Dissociation Constant
			4. Titrations and pH Curves
			5. Titration Calculations
			6. Buffer Action
			7. Calculating the pH of Buffers
			Pages 365-367 — Exam-style Questions
	Unit 5
		Section 1 — Period 3 Elements
			1. Period 3 Elements
			2. Period 3 Oxides
			Exam-style Questions — page 373
		Section 2 — Transition Metals
			1. Transition Metals — The Basics
			2. Complex Ions
			3. Isomerism in Complex Ions
			4. Formation of Coloured Ions
			5. Ligand Substitution Reactions
			6. Variable Oxidation States
			7. Transition Metal Titrations
			8. Transition Metal Catalysts
			9. Metal‑Aqua Ions
			Exam-style Questions — pages 410-413
	Unit 6
		Section 1 — Isomerism and Carbonyl Compounds
			1. Optical Isomerism
			2. Aldehydes and Ketones
			3. Hydroxynitriles
			4. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
			5. Reactions and Uses of Esters
			6. Acyl Chlorides
			7. Acid Anhydrides
			8. Purifying Organic Compounds
			Exam-style Questions — pages 442-445
		Section 2 — Aromatic Compounds and Amines
			1. Aromatic Compounds
			2. Reactions of Aromatics
			3. Amines and Amides
			4. Reactions of Amines
			Exam-style Questions — Pages 462-463
		Section 3 — Polymers
			1. Condensation Polymerisation
			2. Monomers & Repeating Units
			3. Disposing of Polymers
			Exam-style Questions — Page 475
		Section 4 — Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
			1. Amino Acids
			2. Proteins
			3. Enzymes
			4. DNA
			5. Cisplatin
			Exam-style Questions — Pages 492-493
		Section 5 — Further Synthesis and Analysis
			1. Organic Synthesis
			2. NMR Spectroscopy
			3. 13C NMR Spectroscopy
			4. 1H NMR Spectroscopy
			5. Chromatography
			6. Gas Chromatography
			Pages 517-518 — Exam-style Questions
Glossary
	Glossary A — Bi
	Glossary Bi — Co
	Glossary Co — El
	Glossary El — Fi
	Glossary Fl — In
	Glossary In — Mo
	Glossary Mo — Ph
	Glossary Ph — Re
	Glossary Re — Su
	Glossary Su — Zw
Acknowledgements
Index
	Index A — Co
	Index Co — Gr
	Index Gr — No
	Index Nu — Sp
	Index Sq — Zw
The Periodic Table