A HOLISTIC SOLUTION FOR SMART GRIDS BASED ON LINK-PARADIGM : architecture, energy systems, integration, volt/var chain process

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Graphical Symbols Used in LINK-Solution
1 Introduction*
	1.1 Smart Grid Scope
	1.2 State of the Art
		1.2.1 Evaluation of the Most Popular Smart Grids’ Concepts
		1.2.2 Why Cannot Work the Actual Concepts
		1.2.3 Interdependent and Ambiguous Dimensions of SGAM
	1.3 Change of Perspective
	1.4 Vivid Perception of Power Systems
	1.5 Philosophical Principles Underlying This Book
	1.6 Outline of the Book
	Appendix
	A.1.1 Assessment Criteria
	A.1.2 Assessment of Popular Smart Grid Concepts
		A.1.2.1 Virtual Power Plants
		A.1.2.2 Microgrids
		A.1.2.3 Cellular Approach
		A.1.2.4 Web of Cells
	A.1.3 SGAM Smart Grid Plane
		A.1.3.1 SGAM Domain
		A.1.3.2 SGAM Zone
	References
2 Holistic Architecture*
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methodology
	2.3 Fractal in Smart Grids
		2.3.1 Have Smart Grids Fractal Structures?
		2.3.2 Fractal Pattern
		2.3.3 Fractal Set of Smart Grids
		2.3.4 Fractal Dimension
	2.4 LINK-Paradigm and the Associated Holistic Model
	2.5 LINK-Based Holistic Architecture
		2.5.1 Transformation of Power Industry Structure
		2.5.2 Architecture Components and Structure
		2.5.3 Different Architecture Levels
		2.5.4 LINK Operation
		2.5.5 Grid-Link Modelling
		2.5.6 Control Chain Net Strategy
		2.5.7 Market Harmonised Structure
	2.6 Chains of Smart Grid Operation
		2.6.1 Monitoring
		2.6.2 Volt/var
		2.6.3 Hz/Watt
		2.6.4 Reserve Monitoring
		2.6.5 LINK-Flexibility: Demand Response
		2.6.6 LINK-Flexibility: Power Recovering
		2.6.7 Static and Dynamic Stability
	2.7 Protection
	2.8 Planning
	2.9 LINK Global Component-Based IT Architecture
	2.10 Data Privacy and Cybersecurity
		2.10.1 Data Exchange Between TSO and DSOs and TSO and DGs
		2.10.2 Data Exchange Between DSO and Customer Plants
	2.11 LINK-Economics
	2.12 Implementation
		2.12.1 Relation Between Automation and Digitalisation
		2.12.2 Links Arrangement
		2.12.3 Transition Period
	Appendix
	A.2.1 Load
	A.2.2 Controls
		A.2.2.1 Popular Control Strategies in Power Systems
		A.2.2.2 Control Set Used in LINK-Solution
	References
3 Energy Systems Integration*
	3.1 LINK-Solution Relationship to Energy Systems Integration
	3.2 Sector Coupling
		3.2.1 Sector Coupling Embedment in LINK-Architecture
		3.2.2 Sector Coupling Response
		3.2.3 Price-Driven P2X Use Cases
	3.3 Energy Communities
		3.3.1 Facilities Ownership of Energy Communities
		3.3.2 Embedding the EC in the LINK-Architecture
	3.4 Market Structure Promoting the Democratisation of the Electricity Industry
	3.5 Energy Transition to Green Economic Sectors
		3.5.1 Scaling Up/Reproducibility
		3.5.2 Implementation Process
	Appendix
	A.3.1 Economy Sectors
	A.3.2 Energy Communities
	References
4 Volt/var Chain Process*
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Fundamentals of Volt/var Process
		4.2.1 Volt/var and Volt/Watt Interrelations
		4.2.2 Reactive Power Sources and Sinks
		4.2.3 Reactive Power Compensation
		4.2.4 Volt/var Control Variables
		4.2.5 Volt/var Control Concepts
		4.2.6 Monitoring
	4.3 Traditional Volt/var Control
	4.4 Recently Introduced Control Strategies
		4.4.1 Cosφ(P)-Control
		4.4.2 Q(U)-control
		4.4.3 OLTC in the Distribution Substation
	4.5 Problem Statement
	4.6 Volt/var Chain Control
		4.6.1 Extension of the Lumped Grid Model
		4.6.2 General Description of the Volt/var Chain
		4.6.3 New Volt/var Control Strategy in LV and CP Level
	4.7 Link-Grids’ Volt/var Behaviour Using Different Control Strategies
		4.7.1 Modelling on the Vertical Axis
		4.7.2 Customer Plant Level
		4.7.3 Low Voltage Level
		4.7.4 Medium Voltage Level
	4.8 Evaluation of Volt/var Control Strategies
		4.8.1 Evaluation Procedure
		4.8.2 Evaluation Results
	4.9 Volt/var Control Chain Setup in Y-axis
		4.9.1 General Guideline
		4.9.2 Reactive Power Compensation in the Vertical Axis
		4.9.3 Setup Procedure of the Volt/var Chain Control’s Structure
	4.10 Setup overview
		4.10.1 MV level
		4.10.2 LV level
		4.10.3 CP level
	Appendix
	A.4.1 Behaviour of Different Link-Grids
		A.4.1.1 Spiky Load Profiles
		A.4.1.2 Smoothed Load Profiles
	A.4.2 Volt/var Control Parametrisation
		A.4.2.1 Impact of Q(U) Parametrisation
		A.4.2.2 Impact of OLTC Parametrisation
	A.4.3 Volt/var control evaluation
		A.4.3.1 Definition of Technical Evaluation Criteria
		A.4.3.2 Calculation of the Evaluation Hexagon Data
	References
Glossary
Index