A history of Western society

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Halftitle Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Brief Contents
Contents
Maps, Figures, and Tables
	Chapter 14
		Map 14.1: The Fifteenth-Century Afro-Eurasian Trading World
		Map 14.2: Overseas Exploration and Conquest in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
		Map 14.3: Seaborne Trading Empires in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
	Chapter 15
		Map 15.1: Europe After the Peace of Utrecht, 1715
		Map 15.2: The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748
		Map 15.3: The Ottoman Empire at Its Height, 1566
	Chapter 16
		Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, 1772–1795
	Chapter 17
		Map 17.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe
		Map 17.2: The Atlantic Economy in 1701
	Chapter 18
		Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789
	Chapter 19
		Map 19.1: European Claims in North America and India Before and After the Seven Years’ War, 1755–1763
		Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812
		Map 19.3: The War of Haitian Independence, 1791–1804
	Chapter 20
		Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, ca. 1850
		Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850
		Table 20.1: Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750–1913
	Chapter 21
		Map 21.1: Europe in 1815
		Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815
	Chapter 22
		Map 22.1: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800–1900
		Map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850–1870
	Chapter 23
		Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859–1870
		Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864–1871
		Map 23.3: Slavery in the United States, 1860
	Chapter 24
		Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914
		Map 24.2: The Partition of Africa
		Map 24.3: Asia in 1914
		Figure 24.1: The Growth of Average Income per Person in Industrialized Countries, Nonindustrialized Countries, and Great Britain, 1750–1970
		Figure 24.2: Origins and Destinations of European Emigrants, 1851–1960
	Chapter 25
		Map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914
		Map 25.2: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914–1918
		Map 25.3: Territorial Changes After World War I
	Chapter 26
		Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929–1939
	Chapter 27
		Map 27.1: World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939–1945
		Map 27.2: The Holocaust, 1941–1945
		Map 27.3: World War II in the Pacific
	Chapter 28
		Map 28.1: The Aftermath of World War II in Europe, ca. 1945–1950
		Map 28.2: Cold War Europe in the 1950s
		Map 28.3: Decolonization in Africa and Asia, 1947 to the Present
	Chapter 29
		Map 29.1: Pollution in Europe, ca. 1990
		Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989
	Chapter 30
		Map 30.1: Russia and the Successor States, 1991–2010
		Map 30.2: The European Union, 2013
Special Features
	Primary Sources
		Chapter 14
			A Portuguese Traveler Describes Swahili City-States of East Africa
			Tenochtitlán Leaders Respond to Spanish Missionaries
			Online Document Assignment: Juan de Pareja
		Chapter 15
			Letter from Versailles
			John Locke, Two Treatises of Government
			Online Document Assignment: Hürrem
		Chapter 16
			Galileo Galilei, The Sidereal Messenger
			Du Châtelet, Foundations of Physics
			Online Document Assignment: Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment
		Chapter 17
			Adam Smith on the Division of Labor
			Olaudah Equiano’s Economic Arguments for Ending Slavery
			Online Document Assignment: Rebecca Protten
		Chapter 18
			Parisian Boyhood
			Advice to Methodists
			Online Document Assignment: The Inner Life of the Individual
		Chapter 19
			Abigail Adams, “Remember the Ladies”
			Napoleon’s Proclamation to the French People
			Online Document Assignment: Toussaint L’Ouverture
		Chapter 20
			Living Conditions of the Working Classes
			Advice for Middle-Class Women
			Online Document Assignment: Josiah Wedgwood
		Chapter 21
			Metternich: Conservative Reaction in the German Confederation
			The Republican Spirit in Paris, 1848
			Online Document Assignment: Germaine de Staël
		Chapter 22
			First Impressions of the World’s Biggest City
			Max Weber Critiques Industrial Capitalism
			Online Document Assignment: Life in the Modern City on Film
		Chapter 23
			The Struggle for the Italian Nation
			Eyewitness Accounts of Bloody Sunday
			Online Document Assignment: Theodor Herzl
		Chapter 24
			Nativism in the United States
			Online Document Assignment: Cecil Rhodes
		Chapter 25
			German Diplomacy and the Road to War
			Peace, Land, and Bread for the Russian People
			Online Document Assignment: Vera Brittain
		Chapter 26
			Friedrich Nietzsche Pronounces the Death of God
			Keynes on German Reparations After World War I
			Online Document Assignment: Gustav Stresemann
		Chapter 27
			The “Reich Citizenship Law” and the Nazi Volk
			Everyday Life in the London Blitz
			Online Document Assignment: Primo Levi
		Chapter 28
			Western European Recovery and the Promise of Prosperity
			The Hungarian Communist Party Calls for Reforms
			Online Document Assignment: Armando Rodrigues
		Chapter 29
			Human Rights Under the Helsinki Accords
			Counterculture Graffiti from Paris, 1968
			Online Document Assignment: Margaret Thatcher
		Chapter 30
			The Slow Food Manifesto
			Osama bin Laden Calls for Global Jihad
			Online Document Assignment: Contesting Globalization
Individuals in Society
	Juan de Pareja
	Hürrem
	Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment
	Rebecca Protten
	Rose Bertin, “Minister of Fashion”
	Toussaint L’Ouverture
	Josiah Wedgwood
	Germaine de Staël
	Franziska Tiburtius
	Theodor Herzl
	Cecil Rhodes
	Vera Brittain
	Gustav Stresemann
	Primo Levi
	Armando Rodrigues
	Margaret Thatcher
	Tariq Ramadan
Introduction: The Origins of Modern Western Society
14 European Exploration and Conquest: 1450–1650
	World Contacts Before Columbus
		The Trade World of the Indian Ocean
		The Trading States of Africa
		The Ottoman and Persian Empires
		Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
	The European Voyages of Discovery
		Causes of European Expansion
		Technology and the Rise of Exploration
		The Portuguese Overseas Empire
		The Problem of Christopher Columbus
		Later Explorers
		Spanish Conquest in the New World
		Early French and English Settlement in the New World
	The Impact of Conquest
		Colonial Administration
		Impact of European Settlement on Indigenous Peoples
		Life in the Colonies
		The Columbian Exchange
	Europe and the World After Columbus
		Sugar and Slavery
		Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects
		The Birth of the Global Economy
	Changing Attitudes and Beliefs
		New Ideas About Race
		Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity
		William Shakespeare and His Influence
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Juan de Pareja
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: A Portuguese Traveler Describes Swahili City-States of East Africa
	Primary Source: Tenochitlan Leaders Respond to Spanish Missionaries
15 Absolutism and Constitutionalism: 1589–1725
	Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding
		The Social Order and Peasant Life
		Famine and Economic Crisis
		The Thirty Years’ War
		Achievements in State-Building
		Warfare and the Growth of Army Size
		Popular Political Action
	Absolutism in France and Spain
		The Foundations of Absolutism
		Louis XIV and Absolutism
		Life at Versailles
		French Financial management under Colbert
		Louis XIV’s Wars
		The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century
	Absolutism in Austria and Prussia
		The Return of Serfdom in the East
		The Austrian Habsburgs
		Prussia in the Seventeenth Century
		The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism
	The Development of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
		The Mongol Yoke and the Rise of Moscow
		The Tsar and His People
		The Reforms of Peter the Great
		The Growth of the Ottoman Empire
	Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic
		Absolutist Claims in England
		Religious Divides and the English Civil War
		Cromwell and Puritanical Absolutism in England
		The Restoration of the English Monarchy
		Constitutional Monarchy and Cabinet Government
		The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
	Baroque Art and Music
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Hurrem
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Letter from Versailles
	Primary Source: John Locke, Two Treatises of Government
16 Toward a New Worldview: 1540–1789
	Major Breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution
		Scientific Thought in 1500
		Origins of the Scientific Revolution
		The Copernican Hypothesis
		Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right
		Newton’s Synthesis
	Important Changes in Scientific Thinking
		Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method
		Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry
		Empire and Natural History
		Science and Society
	The Enlightenment
		The Emergence of the Enlightenment
		The Influence of the Philosophes
		Jean-Jacques Rousseau
		The International Enlightenment
		Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere
		Race and the Enlightenment
	Enlightened Absolutism
		Frederick the Great of Prussia
		Catherine the Great of Russia
		The Austrian Habsburgs
		Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism
	Chapter Review: LeaningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Galileo Galilei, The Sidereal Messenger
	Primary Source: Du Châtelet, Foundations of Physics
17 The Expansion of Europe: 1650–1800
	Working the Land
		The Legacy of the Open-Field System
		New Methods of Agriculture
		The Leadership of the Low Countries and England
	The Beginning of the Population Explosion
		Long-Standing Obstacles to Population Growth
		The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century
	The Growth of Rural Industry
		The Putting-Out System
		The Lives of Rural Textile Workers
		The Industrious Revolution
	The Debate over Urban Guilds
		Urban Guilds
		Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism
	The Atlantic World and Global Trade
		Mercantilism and Colonial Competition
		The Atlantic Economy
		The Atlantic Slave Trade
		Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World
		The Colonial Enlightenment
		Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific
	Chapter Review: LeaningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Rebecca Protten
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Adam Smith on the Division of Labor
	Primary Source: Olaudah Equiano’s Economic Arguments for Ending Slavery
18 Life in the Era of Expansion: 1650–1800
	Marriage and the Family
		Late Marriage and Nuclear Families
		Work Away from Home
		Premarital Sex and Community Controls
		New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
		Sex on the Margins of Society
	Children and Education
		Child Care and Nursing
		Foundlings and Infanticide
		Attitudes Toward Children
		The Spread of Elementary Schools
	Popular Culture and Consumerism
		Popular Literature
		Leisure and recreation
		New Foods and Appetites
		Toward a Consumer Society
	Religious Authority and Beliefs
		Church Hierarchy
		Protestant Revival
		Catholic Piety
		Marginal Beliefs and Practices
	Medical Practice
		Faith Healing and General Practice
		Improvements in Surgery
		Midwifery
		The Conquest of Smallpox
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	The Inner Life of the Individual
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Parisian Boyhood
	Individuals in Society: Rose Bertin, Minister of Fashion
	Primary Source: Advice to Methodists
19 Revolutions in Politics: 1775–1815
	Background to Revolution
		Social Change
		Growing Demands for Liberty and Equality
		The Seven Years’ War
	The American Revolutionary Era, 1775–1789
		The Origins of the Revolution
		Independence from Britain
		Framing the Constitution
		Limitations of Liberty and Equality
	Revolution in France, 1789–1791
		Breakdown of the Old Order
		The Formation of the National Assembly
		Popular Uprising and the Rights of Man
		A Constitutional Monarchy and Its Challenges
	World War and Republican France, 1791–1799
		The International Response
		The Second Revolution and the New Republic
		Total War and the Terror
		The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory
	The Napoleonic Era, 1799–1815
		Napoleon’s Rule of France
		Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe
		The Grand Empire and Its End
	The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
		Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue
		The Outbreak of Revolt
		The War of Haitian Independence
	Chapter Review: LeaningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Toussaint L’Ouverture
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Abigail Adams, “Remember the Ladies”
	Primary Source: Napoleon’s Proclamation to the French People
20 The Revolution in Energy and Industry: 1780–1850
	The Industrial Revolution in Britain
		Origins of the British Industrial Revolution
		Technological Innovations and Early Factories
		The Steam Engine Breakthrough
		The Coming of the Railroads
		Industry and Population
	Industrialization Beyond Britain
		National and International Variations
		Industrialization in Continental Europe
		Agents of Industrialization
		Government Support and Corporate Banking
		The Situation Outside of Europe
	New Patterns of Working and Living
		Work in Early Factories
		Working Families and Children
		The New Sexual Division of Labor
	Relations Between Capital and Labor
		The New Class of Factory Owners
		Debates over Industrialization
		The Early British Labor movement
		The Impact of Slavery
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Josiah Wedgwood
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Advice for Middle-Class Women
	Primry Source: Living Conditions of the Working Classes
21 Ideologies and Upheavals: 1815–1850
	The Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
		The European Balance of Power
		Metternich and Conservatism
		Repressing the Revolutionary Spirit
		Limits to Conservative Power and Revolution in South America
	The Spread of Radical Ideas
		Liberalism and the Middle Class
		The Growing Appeal of Nationalism
		The Foundations of Modern Socialism
		The Birth of Marxist Socialism
	The Romantic Movement
		The Tenets of Romanticism
		Literature
		Art and Music
	Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848
		National Liberation in Greece
		Liberal Reform in Great Britain
		Ireland and the Great Famine
		The Revolution of 1830 in France
	The Revolutions of 1848
		A Democratic Republic in France
		Revolution and Reaction in the Austrian Empire
		Prussia, the German Confederation, and the Frankfurt National Parliament
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Germaine de Staël
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Metternich: Conservative Reaction in the German Confederation
	Primary Source: The Republican Spirit in Paris, 1848
22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society: 1840–1914
	Taming the City
		Industry and the Growth of Cities
		The Advent of the Public Health Movement
		The Bacterial Revolution
		Improvements in Urban Planning
		Public Transportation
	Rich and Poor and Those in Between
		The Distribution of Income
		The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes
		Middle-Class Culture and Values
		The People and Occupations of the Working Classes
		Working-Class Leisure and Religion
	Changing Family Lifestyles
		Middle-Class Marriage and Courtship Rituals
		Middle- and Working-Class Sexuality
		Prostitution
		Separate Spheres and the Importance of Homemaking
		Child Rearing
		The Feminist Movement
	Science and Thought
		The Triumph of Science in Industry
		Darwin and Natural Selection
		The Modern University and the Social Sciences
		Realism in Art and Literature
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Life in the Modern City on Film
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: First Impressions of the World’s Biggest City
	Individuals in Society: Franziska Tiburtius
	Primary Source: Max Weber Critiques Industrial Capitalism
23 The Age of Nationalism: 1850–1914
	Napoleon III in France
		France’s Second Republic
		Napoleon III’s Second Empire
	Nation Building in Italy, Germany, and the United States
		Italy to 1850
		Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy
		Growing austro-Prussian Rivalry
		Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War
		Taming the German Parliament
		The Franco-Prussian War
		Slavery and Nation Building in the United States
	The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
		The “Great Reforms” in Russia
		The Russian Revolution of 1905
		Reform and Readjustment in the Ottoman Empire
	The Responsive National State, 1871–1914
		The German Empire
		Republican France
		Great Britain and Ireland
		The Austro-Hungarian Empire
	The Nation and the People
		Making National citizens
		Nationalism and Racism
		Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
	Marxism and the Socialist Movement
		The Socialist International
		Unions and Revisionism
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Theodor Herzl
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: The Struggle for the Italian Nation
	Primary Source: Eyewitness Accounts of Bloody Sunday
24 The West and the World: 1815–1914
	Industrialization and the World Economy
		The Rise of Global Inequality
		The World Market
		The Opening of China
		Japan and the United States
		Western Penetration of Egypt
	Global Migration Around 1900
		The Pressure of Population
		European Emigration
		Asian Emigration
	Western Imperialism, 1880–1914
		The European Presence in Africa Before 1880
		The Scramble for Africa After 1880
		Imperialism in Asia
		Causes of the New Imperialism
		A “Civilizing Mission”
		Orientalism
		Critics of Imperialism
	Responding to Western Imperialism
		The Pattern of Response
		Empire in India
		The Example of Japan
		Toward Revolution in China
	Chapter Review: LeaningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Cecil Rhodes
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Nativism in the United States
25 War and Revolution: 1914–1919
	The Road to War
		Growing International Conflict
		The Mood of 1914
		The Outbreak of War
	Waging Total War
		Stalemate and Slaughter on the Western Front
		The Widening War
	The Home Front
		Mobilizing for Total War
		The Social Impact
		Growing Political Tensions
	The Russian Revolution
		The Fall of Imperial Russia
		The Provisional Government
		Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
		Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
		Dictatorship and Civil War
	The Peace Settlement
		The End of the War
		Revolution in Austria-Hungary and Germany
		The Treaty of Versailles
		The Peace Settlement in the Middle East
		The Human Costs of the War
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Vera Brittain
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: German Diplomacy and the Road to War
	Primary Source: Peace, Land, and Bread for the Russian People
26 The Age of Anxiety: 1880–1940
	Uncertainty in Modern Thought
		Modern Philosophy
		The Revival of Christianity
		The New Physics
		Freudian Psychology
	Modernism in Architecture, Art, Literature, and Music
		Architecture and Design
		New artistic Movements
		Twentieth-Century Literature
		Modern Music
	An Emerging Consumer Society
		Mass Culture
		The Appeal of Cinema
		The Arrival of Radio
	The Search for Peace and Political Stability
		Germany and the Western Powers
		Hope in Foreign Affairs
		Hope in Democratic Government
	The Great Depression, 1929–1939
		The Economic Crisis
		Mass Unemployment
		The New Deal in the United States
		The Scandinavian Response to the Depression
		Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Gustav Stresemann
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Friedrich Nietzsche Pronounces  the Death of God
	Primary Source: Keynes on German reparations After World War I
27 Dictatorships and the Second World War: 1919–1945
	Authoritarian States
		Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
		Communism and Fascism
	Stalin’s Soviet Union
		From Lenin to Stalin
		The Five-Year Plans
		Life and Culture in Soviet Society
		Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
	Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
		The Seizure of Power
		The Regime in Action
	Hitler and Nazism in Germany
		The Roots of National Socialism
		Hitler’s Road to Power
		State and Society in Nazi Germany
		Popular Support for National Socialism
		Aggression and Appeasement
	The Second World War
		German Victories in europe
		Europe Under Nazi occupation
		The Holocaust
		Japanese empire and the War in the Pacific
		The “Hinge of Fate”
		Allied Victory
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Primo Levi
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: The “Reich Citizenship Law” and the Nazi Volk
	Primary Source: Everyday Life in the London Blitz
28 Cold War Conflict and Consensus: 1945–1965
	Postwar Europe and the Origins of the Cold War
		The Legacies of the Second World War
		The Peace Settlement and Cold War Origins
		West Versus East
		Big Science in the Nuclear Age
	The Western Renaissance/Recovery in Western Europe
		The Search for Political and Social Consensus
		Toward European Unity
		The Consumer Revolution
	Developments in the Soviet Union and the East Bloc
		Postwar Life in the East Bloc
		Reform and De-Stalinization
		Foreign Policy and Domestic Rebellion
		The Limits of Reform
	The End of Empires
		Decolonization and the Global Cold War
		The Struggle for Power in Asia
		Independence and Conflict in the Middle East
		Decolonization in Africa
	Postwar Social Transformations
		Changing Class Structures
		Patterns of Postwar Migration
		New Roles for Women
		Youth Culture and the Generation Gap
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Armando Rodrigues
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Western European Recovery and the Promise of Prosperity
	Primary Source: The Hungarian Communist Party Calls for Reforms
29 Challenging the Postwar Order: 1960–1991
	Reform and Protest in the 1960s
		Cold War Tensions Thaw
		The Affluent Society
		The Counterculture Movement
		The United States and Vietnam
		Student Revolts and 1968
		The 1960s in the East Bloc
	Crisis and Change in Western Europe
		Economic Crisis and Hardship
		The New Conservatism
		Challenges and Victories for Women
		The Rise of the Environmental movement
		Separatism and Right-Wing extremism
	The Decline of “Developed Socialism”
		State and Society in the East Bloc
		Dissent in Czechoslovakia and Poland
		From Détente Back to Cold War
		Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet union
	The Revolutions of 1989
		The Collapse of Communism in the East Bloc
		German unification and the end of the Cold War
		The Disintegration of the Soviet union
	Chapter Review: LeaningCurve
	Individuals in Society: Margaret Thatcher
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: Human Rights Under the Helsinki Accords
	Primary Source: Counterculture Graffiti from Paris, 1968
30  Life in an Age of Globalization: 1990 to the Present
	Reshaping Russia and the Former East Bloc
		Economic Shock Therapy in Russia
		Russian Revival Under Vladimir Putin
		Coping with Change in the Former East Bloc
		Tragedy in Yugoslavia
	The New Global System
		The Global Economy
		The New European Union
		Supranational Organizations
		The Human Side of Globalization
		Life in the Digital age
	Toward a Multicultural Continent
		The Prospect of Population Decline
		Changing Immigration Flows
		Ethnic Diversity in Contemporary Europe
		Europe and its Muslim Citizens
	Confronting Twenty-First-Century Challenges
		Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations
		Turmoil in the Muslim World
		The Global Recession and the Viability of the Eurozone
		Dependence on Fossil Fuels
		Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
		Promoting Human Rights
	Chapter Review: LearningCurve
	Contesting Globalization
		Online Document Assignment
	Primary Source: The Slow Food Manifesto
	Individuals in Society: Tariq Ramadan
	Primary Source: Osama bin Laden Calls for Global Jihad
Glossary
Index
About the Authors
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover