A History of the University in Europe: Volume 4, Universities since 1945

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS AND EDITORS......Page 13
READER’S GUIDE......Page 18
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES......Page 19
FOREWORD......Page 20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 25
PART I THEMES AND PATTERNS......Page 27
Introduction......Page 29
Reformatio in melius......Page 30
Humanism and university reform through dialogue......Page 34
The liberal reform of the universities by schleiermacher and humboldt......Page 37
Expansion and ‘democratic’ university reforms, 1956–1981......Page 39
The introduction of entrepreneurial reforms and the destruction of the ivory tower......Page 41
The universities and globalization......Page 48
The ‘americanization’ of european universities......Page 52
Postscript......Page 55
Introduction......Page 57
Post-war reconstruction......Page 58
The expansion of the soviet university model......Page 61
The drive to mass higher education......Page 67
National university stock accumulation......Page 72
Foundation and creation......Page 74
Regionalization......Page 78
The place of the ‘non-state’ sector......Page 80
The non-university sector......Page 82
Caveats on the sources for the period 1990–2005......Page 85
New perspectives......Page 86
The astounding vitality of the non-university sector......Page 87
The closing of the circle......Page 89
The symmetry of patterns......Page 90
General works......Page 91
France......Page 93
Norway......Page 94
United Kingdom......Page 95
PART II STRUCTURES......Page 97
Introduction......Page 99
Recovery in a divided europe, 1945–1955......Page 100
The university policy of the allied military forces in Germany......Page 102
The Sovietization of Central and Eastern Europe......Page 110
Western Europe......Page 115
Central and Eastern Europe......Page 120
Western Europe......Page 121
National rectors conferences......Page 126
Central and Eastern Europe......Page 127
Central and Eastern Europe......Page 128
Western Europe......Page 130
Autonomy as scarcity management in Western Europe......Page 139
From decline to renewal – the development of higher education in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 142
Concluding remarks: the universities’ europe......Page 144
Select bibliography......Page 148
Introduction......Page 150
The university as an organization......Page 151
Images of change......Page 154
Academic structure......Page 156
Forces of change......Page 158
Effective autonomy......Page 163
The management quadrilateral......Page 166
Management and governance......Page 170
Resources......Page 176
Management techniques......Page 181
The arrival of management......Page 185
Select bibliography......Page 186
Introduction......Page 188
Expansion......Page 189
Age structure......Page 191
Specialization......Page 193
Conclusion......Page 195
Teaching staff......Page 196
Other staff......Page 206
Women......Page 208
Salaries......Page 210
Mobility......Page 213
Conclusion......Page 214
Teaching......Page 215
Teaching methods......Page 216
Teaching conditions......Page 217
Teaching load......Page 218
Research......Page 219
Evaluation and staff development......Page 221
Other duties......Page 222
Politicization......Page 223
Associations......Page 225
Conclusion......Page 227
Select bibliography......Page 229
PART III STUDENTS......Page 231
Introduction......Page 233
Persistent inequality......Page 237
Models of higher education......Page 239
Matriculation......Page 243
Social selection before 1970......Page 249
Social selection after 1970......Page 252
Shifts in the social distribution of opportunity......Page 258
Select bibliography......Page 262
The whirligig of change......Page 264
Responsibility for curriculum and teaching......Page 269
Diplomas and degrees......Page 279
Undergraduates and postgraduates......Page 282
Research and curricula......Page 288
The student role in the curriculum......Page 292
Student mobility......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 298
Select bibliography......Page 300
Introduction......Page 302
International student organizations......Page 304
Diverging missions (1945–1956)......Page 309
A ‘new student movement’ (1958–1969)......Page 314
The leninist turn and decline (1969–1974)......Page 323
The nature of the ‘new student movement’......Page 325
Fighting for freedom (1956–1989)......Page 329
Beyond the student movement (1974–2000)......Page 338
Select bibliography......Page 342
Introduction......Page 345
Overall development of enrolment, graduation and attainment......Page 347
Variations in europe......Page 350
Distribution by field of study......Page 351
Changing debates about the quantitative and structural relationships between university education and employment......Page 353
Expansion expected to serve economic growth and social equality......Page 354
Structural moderation......Page 355
Pessimism and concern about ‘over-qualification’......Page 356
Signs of adjustment and diverse options......Page 358
Degrees and graduation......Page 361
Graduate employment and work......Page 367
Women’s employment and work......Page 379
Expectations, recruitment and work......Page 380
Major debates and activities......Page 382
Structural responses......Page 383
Curricular responses......Page 385
Four decades of trends and policies......Page 388
Postscript: trends and policies since the 1990s......Page 390
Select bibliography......Page 394
PART IV LEARNING......Page 395
Introduction......Page 397
The United States of America......Page 401
Europe......Page 405
Political science......Page 412
Economics......Page 424
Anthropology/ethnology......Page 431
Geography......Page 434
History......Page 435
Law......Page 440
Select bibliography......Page 449
A traditional scene in a larger frame......Page 450
Post-war reconstruction 1945–1960......Page 451
Steady state 1975–1995......Page 452
Policing the internal frontiers of knowledge......Page 453
Trans-disciplinary disciplines......Page 457
Collectivism......Page 461
Internationalization......Page 463
Iinking the academy with industry......Page 467
Teaching and/or research......Page 470
Looking backward and forward......Page 472
Select bibliography......Page 475
From bones to biotechnology......Page 477
Progress, development and discovery in biology 1945–2004......Page 478
The unravelling of dna......Page 479
The rise of ecology......Page 482
The role of the university......Page 485
The biology undergraduate......Page 490
The internet......Page 494
Universities, graduates and employment......Page 495
Select bibliography......Page 497
Introduction......Page 499
Planetary geology......Page 500
Plate tectonics......Page 502
Palaeoclimates and global warming......Page 504
Impact on earth science education......Page 506
Conclusions......Page 509
Select bibliography......Page 510
The changing context of university medicine 1945–1995......Page 511
The adaptation of medical education to a changing context......Page 517
The reform of medical education......Page 521
The cost of medical education......Page 533
The outcome of reform......Page 537
Teachers and students......Page 542
Education and training......Page 546
Research......Page 549
Select bibliography......Page 553
The post-war context......Page 554
Technology-related developments in the universities......Page 555
Overall growth......Page 556
Technical infrastructure......Page 559
Student pressures......Page 561
The information explosion......Page 563
Big Science......Page 564
National and regional government......Page 567
Quasi-university institutions......Page 569
Successes and failures of the universities in meeting the competition......Page 570
The education and careers of technology graduates......Page 571
Select bibliography......Page 574
The origins of the project......Page 576
The lessons of history......Page 578
European images of the university......Page 579
The premises of europeanization in higher education......Page 581
Lowering the iron curtain: 1989 and beyond......Page 583
The main issues of the 1990s: quality and mobility......Page 587
The return of european integration policies......Page 593
A european model of higher education......Page 598
Select bibliography......Page 600
APPENDIX UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED IN EUROPE BETWEEN 1945 AND 1995......Page 601
NAME INDEX......Page 621
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 629