A History of Modern Psychology in Context

Preface and Acknowledgments
Introduction
Why History? Why History of Psychology?
Reflexivity
Social Constructionism
Indigenization
Other Aspects of Our Story
Organizational Overview
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 1 ORIGINS OF A SCIENCE OF MIND
Introduction
Philosophy: Descartes and Locke as Exemplars
René Descartes (1596–1650)
John Locke (1632–1704)
The Legacy of Descartes and Locke for Psychology
Physiology and Medicine: The Search for Material Explanations of Human Nature
Medicine and Naturalistic Explanation
Research in the Physiology of the Nervous System
The Mechanization of the Brain
Sidebar 1.1 Focus on Christine Ladd-Franklin
Darwin, Natural Selection, and the Laws of Nature
Journey to the Galapagos
Continuity: Humans and Natural Law
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 2 EVERYDAY LIFE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICES
Introduction
New Technologies
Technologies of Devotion and Piety
Technologies of Self-Perception and Self-Expression
Psychological Consequences of Commercial Society
Changes in Family Life
Reading the Signs of the Body in the Era of Industrial Capitalism
The First Industrial Revolution
Reading the Signs of the Body
Physiognomy
Phrenology
Sidebar 2.1 Focus on the Fowler Brothers
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 3 SUBJECT MATTER, METHODS, AND THE MAKING OF A NEW SCIENCE
Introduction
Can Psychology Be a Science?
Kant’s Challenge
Psychophysics and the Possibility of a New Science
The German Intellectual Tradition
Wilhelm Wundt and the New Psychology
Psychology in Britain and France
The New Psychology in America
William James and a Science of Psychology
The Principles of Psychology
The Demise of Introspection in American Psychology
Thorndike, the Animal Mind, and Animal Behavior
Pavlov, Animal Learning, and the Environment
Perry and Changing Beliefs About the Nature of Consciousness
Watson and the Rise of Behaviorism
Behaviorism: Influential but Contested
Sidebar 3.1 Focus on Mary Whiton Calkins
Behaviorism and American Life
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 4 FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTER: CREATING AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
American Mental and Moral Philosophy
Forging a Psychological Sensibility: From Religion to Psychical Research
Religion and Revival
Mesmerism and Religion
Spiritualism
New Thought
Psychical Phenomena
Boundary Work and the New Psychology: Establishing the Center and Marking the Periphery
American Psychologists: Organization and Application
Organizing for Science
Making Psychology Useful
Engaging the Public
Education: The Pay Vein That Supports the Mine
Psychologists in Industry
Sidebar 4.1 Focus on Lillian Moller Gilbreth
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 5 THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOLOGY AT THE INTERFACE WITH MEDICINE
Introduction
Enlightenment and Madness
From Mesmerism to Hypnosis
Charcot: The Napoleon of the Neuroses
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Sidebar 5.1 Focus on Bertha Pappenheim
Freud’s Impact on Psychology as a Mental Health Profession
Therapeutic Nihilism
Psychologists, Psychoanalysis, and Mental Health in America
Boundaries Between Psychology and Medicine
Mental Testing
Psychologists and the Question of Boundaries with Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis and Psychosomatic Medicine Psychoanalysis Outside Europe and North America
Psychologists, Psychoanalysis, and Mental Health in India
Psychoanalysis in Argentina
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 6 PSYCHOLOGISTS AS TESTERS: APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY, ORDERING SOCIETY
Introduction
The Roots of Mental Testing in America
Mental Tests Go to the Fair
Lightner Witmer and the Prehistory of Clinical Psychology
Sorting the Sexes
Sidebar 6.1 Focus on Leta Stetter Hollingworth
The Demise of Mental Tests and the Rise of the IQ
Lewis Terman and the Americanization of Intelligence Testing
Army Intelligence: World War I Puts Psychology on the Map
World War I and Its Impact on American Psychology Intelligence Testing Around the World: Center or Periphery?
The French Twist
The British Context
Dutch Society
Germany and Psychotechnics
What Did the Tests Test?
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 7 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS
Introduction
Who Owns Psychology?
Organization and Cooperation
Organization
Cooperative Research and Philanthropy
The Kingdom of Behavior: Mainstream Psychology, 1920–1940
Neobehaviorism
Developing Developmental Psychology
Sidebar 7.1 Focus on Mary Cover Jones
Race, Ethnicity, Intelligence, and Resistance
Psychologists and Scientific Racism
Challenges to Psychometric Racism
Sexuality Research
Personality Psychology
Assessing Personality
Henry Murray, the Harvard Psychological Clinic, and the TAT
Personality, Personnel, and the Management of the Worker
The Disciplinary Emergence of Social Psychology in America
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 8 PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS
Introduction
Psychology, Natural Science, and Philosophy in Germany and Austria
Gestalt Psychology in Germany
Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
The Dorpat School of Religious Psychology
German Psychology After 1933
Psychology in Vienna
Sidebar 8.1 Focus on Marie Jahoda
Psychology, Natural Science, and Philosophy Across Continental Europe
Developments in France
Developments in the Netherlands
Psychology in Russia and the Early Years of the Soviet Union
Psychotechnics
Psychology in Britain
Psychology at Cambridge
War and Psychology in Britain
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 9 THE GOLDEN AGE OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
Preparing for War
The National Council of Women Psychologists
War Service
Psychiatric Casualties and the Consolidation of Clinical Psychology
Golden Age of Psychology
Postwar Initiatives for Training Mental Health Professionals
Clinical Psychology and the VA
National Institute of Mental Health
Challenges to the New Clinical Psychology
Psychology versus Psychiatry
Antipsychiatry and the Treatment of Mental Disorders
Diversifying Psychological Research in the Golden Age
VA Clinical Research
The NIMH and the Expansion of Research
B. F. Skinner, Culture, and Controversy
The Third Force: Humanistic Psychology Challenges the Status Quo
Complicating Social Psychology
Psychologists, Racial Identity, and Civil Rights
Sidebar 9.1 Focus on Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark
Interracial Housing
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 10 INTERNATIONALIZATION AND INDIGENIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AFTERWORLD WAR II
Introduction
Internationalization and Indigenization
Back Story: Western Psychology in Non-Western Settings
China
Japan
India
Africa
Indigenous Psychologies
Indigenization in Context
Liberation and Nonalignment in Postcolonial Nations
Examples of Indigenous Psychologies
Refashioning Psychology for a Cultural Match in India
Sidebar 10.1 Focus on Jai B. P. Sinha
Fashioning an Indigenous Psychology in the Philippines
Toward a Liberation Psychology in Latin America
Toward a Psychology of Liberation
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 11 FEMINISM AND AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE AND POLITICS OF GENDER
Introduction
Bringing Feminism to Psychology
Feminist Critiques of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, and Alternatives
Sex Differences Revisited
From Sex to Gender
A Theory of Their Own: The Relational Approach
Owning the Past: Origins of Women’s History in Psychology
Sidebar 11.1 Focus on Ruth Howard
Creating an Inclusive Feminist Psychology
Feminist Psychologies in International Context
Feminist and Postcolonial Critiques of Science and Psychology in the 1980s
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 12 INCLUSIVENESS, IDENTITY, AND CONFLICT IN LATE 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
Toward an Inclusive Psychology
Institutional Changes
Training Psychologists to Serve Ethnic Minority Populations
Sidebar 12.1 Focus on Joseph L. White
Psychologists and the Community
A Question of Professional Identity
Psychologists, Government, and National Security
Government and the Direction of Psychological Science
Summary
Bibliographic Essay
CHAPTER 13 BRAIN, BEHAVIOR, AND COGNITION SINCE 1945
Introduction
The Return of the Mind
Sidebar 13.1 Focus on Enriched Environments
Neuropsychology of Cognition and Memory
How Does Memory Work?
Minds and Machines
Computations and Computers
Babbage’s Engines
Turing’s Game
Toward the Machine-as-Brain Metaphor
Information Theory and Cybernetics
Language Returns
Summary
Concluding Thoughts
Bibliographic Essay
References
Glossary
Index