A History of Medicine

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 14
PALEOPATHOLOGY: METHODS AND PROBLEMS......Page 17
MUMMIES AND SIGNS OF DISEASE......Page 23
PALEOMEDICINE AND SURGERY......Page 25
HEALING RITUALS, TRADITIONS, AND MAGIC......Page 28
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 38
MESOPOTAMIA......Page 39
HAMMURABI’S CODE OF LAWS......Page 42
EGYPT......Page 45
THE MEDICAL PAPYRI......Page 57
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 63
INDIA......Page 66
AYURVEDIC MEDICINE, THE SCIENCE OF LIFE......Page 70
SURGERY, ANATOMY, AND DISSECTION......Page 75
CHINESE MEDICINE: CLASSICAL, TRADITIONAL,
AND MODERN......Page 79
THE THREE CELESTIAL EMPERORS: FU HSI,
SHEN NUNG, AND HUANG TI......Page 81
CLASSICAL CHINESE CONCEPTS OF ANATOMY......Page 83
SAGES, PHYSICIANS, HEALERS, AND QUACKS......Page 86
ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION......Page 89
DRUG LORE AND DIETETICS......Page 91
SURGERY......Page 94
THE CHINESE CULTURAL SPHERE......Page 95
MEDICAL PRACTICE IN MODERN CHINA......Page 97
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 98
4 Greco-Roman Medicine......Page 102
PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE......Page 104
HIPPOCRATES AND THE HIPPOCRATIC TRADITION......Page 106
THE NATURE OF DISEASE AND THE DOCTRINE
OF THE FOUR HUMORS......Page 111
THE CULT OF ASCLEPIUS, GOD OF MEDICINE......Page 116
ALEXANDRIAN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE......Page 119
MEDICINE IN THE ROMAN WORLD......Page 127
ON GALEN AND GALENISM......Page 134
GALEN ON ANATOMICAL PROCEDURES......Page 136
GALEN ON PHYSIOLOGY: BLOOD, BREATH, PNEUMA,
AND SPIRITS......Page 138
GALEN ON THERAPEUTICS AND THE CAUSES OF DISEASE......Page 140
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 145
5 The Middle Ages......Page 148
MONASTERIES AND UNIVERSITIES......Page 154
MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE......Page 156
SURGERY IN THE MIDDLE AGES......Page 160
WOMEN AND MEDICINE......Page 162
BUBONIC PLAGUE......Page 169
FROM LEPROSY TO HANSEN’S DISEASE......Page 183
ISLAMIC MEDICINE......Page 191
PROPHETIC MEDICINE......Page 192
HOSPITALS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE......Page 195
THE GREAT SAGES OF ISLAMIC MEDICINE......Page 197
THE STRANGE CASE OF IBN AN-NAFIS......Page 203
HE SURVIVAL OF GRECO-ISLAMIC MEDICINE......Page 205
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 207
6 The Renaissance and the Scientific
Revolution......Page 210
INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD......Page 211
THE MEDICAL HUMANISTS......Page 213
AUTOPSIES, ART, AND ANATOMY......Page 216
ANDREAS VESALIUS ON THE FABRIC
OF THE HUMAN BODY......Page 219
MEDICINE AND SURGERY......Page 226
AMBROISE PARE ´ AND THE ART OF SURGERY......Page 228
THE OCCULT SCIENCES: ASTROLOGY AND ALCHEMY......Page 232
SYPHILIS, THE SCOURGE OF THE RENAISSANCE......Page 239
SYPHILIS AND HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION......Page 251
THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD......Page 253
WILLIAM HARVEY AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD......Page 260
HARVEY’S PARADOXICAL INFLUENCE: THERAPY
BY LEECH AND LANCET......Page 267
BLOOD TRANSFUSION......Page 271
NEW HEARTS FOR OLD......Page 275
SANTORIO SANTORIO AND THE QUANTITATIVE METHOD......Page 276
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 279
7 Native Civilizations and Cultures
of the Americas......Page 284
NATIVE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATIN AMERICA......Page 290
AZTEC CIVILIZATION......Page 291
MAYAN CIVILIZATION......Page 299
INCAN CIVILIZATION......Page 302
DISEASES IN THE AMERICAS......Page 306
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 309
8 The Americanization of Old
World Medicine......Page 312
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR AND NEW REPUBLIC......Page 317
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION......Page 326
REGIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS......Page 331
THE CIVIL WAR......Page 333
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 344
9 Clinical and Preventive Medicine......Page 348
THOMAS SYDENHAM, THE ‘‘ENGLISH HIPPOCRATES’’......Page 350
ON THE MISERIES OF GOUT AND THE VIRTUES
OF COLCHICINE......Page 353
QUININE AND MALARIA......Page 355
THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN
MEDICINE......Page 358
ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICAL REFORM......Page 361
NUTRITION, MALNUTRITION, HEALTH, AND DISEASE......Page 364
SMALLPOX: INOCULATION, VACCINATION,
AND ERADICATION......Page 375
EDWARD JENNER, COWPOX, AND VACCINATION......Page 383
THE GLOBAL ERADICATION OF SMALLPOX......Page 388
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 393
THE MEDICAL MARKETPLACE......Page 396
HEALTH REFORM MOVEMENTS......Page 397
DOMESTIC MEDICINE......Page 410
MEDICAL SECTS......Page 411
OSTEOPATHS AND CHIROPRACTORS......Page 419
ALTERNATIVE, COMPLEMENTARY, AND
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE......Page 425
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 428
11 Women and Medicine......Page 432
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES......Page 434
IGNAZ PHILIPP SEMMELWEIS......Page 436
MIDWIVES AND MEDICAL MEN......Page 445
‘‘WOMAN’S NATURE’’ AND WOMEN DOCTORS......Page 461
SUGGESTED READING......Page 470
12 The Art and Science of Surgery......Page 474
LAUGHING GAS, ETHER, AND SURGICAL ANESTHESIA......Page 479
POSTSURGICAL INFECTIONS......Page 493
JOSEPH LISTER AND THE ANTISEPTIC SYSTEM......Page 497
ANTISEPSIS AND ASEPSIS......Page 500
FROM HOSPITALISM TO NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS......Page 503
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 504
13 Medical Microbiology and
Public Health......Page 508
LOUIS PASTEUR......Page 511
ROBERT KOCH......Page 520
INVISIBLE MICROBES AND VIROLOGY......Page 542
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 551
14 Diagnostics and Therapeutics......Page 554
The Art and Science of Diagnosis......Page 556
Serum Therapy......Page 563
Antibiotics and Immunology......Page 567
Paradoxical Progress......Page 593
Suggested Readings......Page 602
Index......Page 604
Untitled......Page 626