A History of Latin America

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Maps......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
Introduction: The Geographic Background of Latin American History......Page 22
PART ONE: The Colonial Heritage of Latin America......Page 27
Environment and Culture in Ancient America......Page 32
The Maya of Central America......Page 42
The Aztecs of Mexico......Page 48
The Incas of Peru......Page 54
2 The Hispanic Background......Page 61
The Medieval Heritage of Iberia’s Christian Kingdoms......Page 62
Ferdinand and Isabella: The Catholic Sovereigns......Page 66
The Hapsburg Era: Triumph and Tragedy......Page 72
The Great Voyages......Page 77
The Conquest of Mexico......Page 86
The Conquest of Peru......Page 91
How a Handful of Spaniards Won Two Empires......Page 93
The Quest for El Dorado......Page 94
4 The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life......Page 101
Tribute and Labor in the Spanish Colonies......Page 102
The Colonial Economy......Page 108
Commerce, Smuggling, and Piracy......Page 116
Political Institutions of the Spanish Empire......Page 120
The Church in the Indies......Page 125
The Structure of Class and Caste......Page 135
The Beginning of Colonial Brazil......Page 147
Government and Church......Page 153
Masters and Slaves......Page 156
Reform and Recovery......Page 160
Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment......Page 172
Creole Nationalism......Page 173
Colonial Society in Transition, 1750–1810: An Overview......Page 175
The Revolt of the Masses......Page 177
Background of the Wars of Independence......Page 183
The Liberation of South America......Page 187
Mexico’s Road to Independence......Page 195
Latin American Independence: A Reckoning......Page 201
PART TWO: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century......Page 203
The Fruits of Independence......Page 218
Mexico......Page 221
Argentina......Page 230
Chile......Page 236
United Provinces of Central America......Page 241
10 Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821–1888......Page 244
Brazil......Page 245
Peru......Page 253
Cuba......Page 256
Gran Colombia......Page 260
11 The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870–1900......Page 268
The New Colonialism......Page 269
Mexican Politics and Economy......Page 272
Argentine Politics and Economy......Page 277
Chilean Politics and Economy......Page 280
Brazilian Politics and Economy......Page 285
Central American Politics and Economy......Page 290
Venezuelan Politics and Economy......Page 293
Colombian Politics and Economy......Page 295
PART THREE: Latin America Since 1900......Page 299
12 Forging a New Nation: The Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge......Page 338
The Great Revolution, 1910–1920......Page 339
Reconstructing the State: Rule of the Millionaire Socialists......Page 350
Cárdenas and the Populist Interlude......Page 355
The Big Bourgeoisie in Power, 1940–1976: Erosion of Reform......Page 358
Popular Culture and Resistance......Page 359
13 Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society......Page 364
Decline and Fall of the Old Republic, 1914–1930......Page 365
Vargas and the Bourgeois Revolution, 1930–1954......Page 370
Reform and Reaction, 1954–1964......Page 376
14 Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy......Page 381
The Export Economy......Page 382
Argentine Society......Page 384
The Radical Era, 1916–1930......Page 386
The “Infamous Decade,” 1930–1943: Military Intervention and the State......Page 391
The Perón Era, 1943–1955......Page 393
Collapse of Populism: In the Shadow of Perón, 1955–1973......Page 398
Independence and the Spanish-Cuban- American War......Page 401
Dependent Development and Popular Struggle, 1902–1953......Page 406
The Revolution......Page 414
The Revolution in Power, 1959–2003......Page 416
16 Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative......Page 425
Neocolonialism, the Military, and Indigenous Resistance......Page 426
The Limits of Populism, 1952–1968......Page 432
Military Corporatism and Revolution, 1968–1975......Page 435
Collapse of Military Corporatism, 1975– 1990......Page 440
17 Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative......Page 446
Foreign Dependency and the Liberal Parliamentary Republic, 1891–1920......Page 447
Alessandri and the Rise of Populism, 1920–1970......Page 449
The Chilean Road to Socialism, 1970–1973......Page 457
18 Twilight of the Tyrants: Revolution and Prolonged Popular War in Central America......Page 463
Guatemala......Page 464
Nicaragua......Page 472
El Salvador......Page 482
19 Lands of Bolívar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy......Page 493
Populism, Military Repression, and Authoritarian Politics in Colombia......Page 494
Populism, Authoritarian Politics, and Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela......Page 506
20 Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets......Page 523
Military Dictatorship and Neoliberalism in Brazil, 1964–1990......Page 524
Military Dictatorship and Neoliberalism in Chile, 1973–1990......Page 533
Military Dictatorship and Neoliberalism in Argentina, 1976–1990......Page 536
Neoliberalism and the Authoritarian State in Mexico, 1977–1994......Page 539
Foreign Intervention and Subversion of Democracy in Nicaragua......Page 545
21 Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaños and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets......Page 548
Electoral Deception in Brazil......Page 549
Electoral Deception in Argentina......Page 554
Electoral Deception in Peru......Page 557
Electoral Deception in Chile......Page 561
Electoral Deception in Mexico......Page 565
Electoral Deception in Bolivia......Page 568
Electoral Deception in Ecuador......Page 572
Market Forces and State Regulation in the Cuban Model, 1990–2008......Page 577
22 The Two Americas: United States–Latin American Relations......Page 584
Prelude to Empire, 1810–1897......Page 586
An Imperial Power, 1898–1945......Page 591
Defending the Empire and Capitalism, 1945–1981......Page 598
The Return to “Gunboat Diplomacy,” 1981–2003......Page 606
Toward a New World Order?......Page 612
Index......Page 629