A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. I.-V

A History of Indian Philosophy......Page 1
Volume - 1......Page 3
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 14
1. Introductory......Page 18
2.The place of the Vedas in the Hindu mind......Page 27
3. Classification of the Vedic literature......Page 28
4. The Samhitas......Page 29
5. The Brahmanas......Page 30
7. The Rig-Veda, its civilization......Page 31
8. The Vedic gods......Page 33
9. Polytheism, Henotheism and Monotheism......Page 34
10. Growth of a Monotheistic tendency; Prajapati, Visvakarma......Page 36
11. Brahma......Page 37
12. Sacrifice; the First Rudiments of the Law of Karma......Page 38
13. Cosmogony - Mythological and Philosophical......Page 40
14. Eschatology; the Doctrine of Atman......Page 42
15. Conclusion......Page 43
1. The place of the Upanisads in Vedic literature......Page 45
2. The names of the Upanisads; Non-Brahmanic influence......Page 47
3. Brahmanas and the Early Upanisads......Page 48
5. The composition and growth of diverse Upanisads......Page 55
6. Revival of Upanisad studies in modern times......Page 56
7. The Upanisads and their interpretations......Page 58
8. The quest after Brahman: the struggle and the failures......Page 59
9. Unknowability of Brahman and the Negative Method......Page 61
10. The Atman doctrine......Page 62
11. Place of Brahman in the Upanisads......Page 65
12. The World......Page 68
14. The Theory of Causation......Page 69
15. Doctrine of Transmigration......Page 70
16. Emancipation......Page 75
1. In what sense is a History of Indian Philosophy possible......Page 79
2. Growth of the Philosophic Literature......Page 82
3. The Indian systems of Philosophy......Page 84
1. The Karma Theory......Page 88
2. The Doctrine of Mukti......Page 91
5. The Pessimistic Attitude towards the World and the Optimistic Faith in the end......Page 92
6. Unity in Indian Sadhana (philosophical, religious and ethical endeavours......Page 94
1. The State of Philosophy in India before Buddha......Page 95
2. Buddha: his Life......Page 98
3. Early Buddhist Literature......Page 99
4. The Doctrine of Causal Connection of early Buddhism......Page 101
5. The Khandhas......Page 110
6. Avijja and Asava......Page 116
7. Sila and Samadhi......Page 117
8. Kamma......Page 123
9. Upanisads and Buddhism......Page 126
10. The Schools of Theravada Buddhism......Page 129
11. Mahayanism......Page 142
12. The Tathata Philosophy of Asvaghosa (80 A.D.)......Page 146
13. The Madhyamika or the Sunyavada school - Nihilism......Page 155
14. Uncompromising Idealism or the School of Vijnanavada Buddhism......Page 162
15. Sautrantika theory of Perception......Page 168
16. Sautrantika theory of Inference......Page 172
17. The Doctrine of Momentariness......Page 175
18. The Doctrine of Momentariness and the Doctrine of Causal Efficiency (Arthakriyakaritva)......Page 180
19. Some Ontological Problems on which the Different Indian Systems diverged......Page 181
20. Brief Survey of the Evolution of Buddhist Thought......Page 183
1. The Origin of Jainism......Page 186
2. Two Sects of Jainism......Page 187
3. The Canonical and other Literature of the Jains......Page 188
4. Some General Characteristics of the Jains......Page 189
6. The Fundamental Ideas of Jaina Ontology......Page 190
7. The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism (Anekantavada)......Page 192
8. The Doctrine of Nayas......Page 193
9. The Doctrine of Syadvada......Page 196
10. Knowledge, its value for us......Page 198
11. Theory of Perception......Page 200
12. Non-Perceptual knowledge......Page 202
13. Knowledge as Revelation......Page 203
14. The Jivas......Page 205
15. Karma Theory......Page 207
16. Karma, Asrava and Nirjara......Page 209
17. Pudgala......Page 212
18. Dharma, Adharma, Akasa......Page 214
19. Kala and Samaya......Page 215
21. Jaina Yoga......Page 216
22. Jaina Atheism......Page 220
23. Moksa (emancipation)......Page 224
1. A Review......Page 225
2. The Germs of Samkhya in the Upanisads......Page 228
3. Samkhya and Yoga Literature......Page 229
4. An Early School of Samkhya......Page 230
5. Samkhya karika, Samkhya sutra, Vacaspati Misra and Vijnana Bhiksu......Page 239
6. Yoga and Patanjali......Page 243
7. The Samkhya and the Yoga doctrine of Soul or Purusa......Page 255
8. Thought and Matter......Page 258
9. Feelings, the Ultimate Substances......Page 259
10. The Gunas......Page 260
11. Prakrti and its evolution......Page 262
12. Pralaya and the disturbance of the Prakrti Equilibrium......Page 264
13. Mahat and Ahamkara......Page 265
14. The Tanmatras and the Paramanus......Page 268
15. Principle of Causation and Conservation of Energy......Page 271
16. Change as the formation of new collocations......Page 272
17. Causation as Satkaryavada......Page 274
18. Samkhya Atheism and Yoga Theism......Page 275
19. Buddhi and Purusa......Page 276
20. The Cognitive Process and some characteristics of Citta......Page 278
21. Sorrow and its Dissolution......Page 281
22. Citta......Page 285
23. Yoga Purificatory Practices (Parikarma)......Page 287
24. The Yoga Meditation......Page 288
1. Criticism of Buddhism and Sarnkhya from the Nyaya standpoint......Page 291
2. Nyaya and Vaisesika sutras......Page 293
3. Does Vaisesika represent an old school of Mimamsa?......Page 297
4. Philosophy in the Vaisesika sutras......Page 302
5. Philosophy in the Nyaya sutras......Page 311
6. Philosophy of Nyaya siitras and Vaisesika sutras......Page 318
7. The Vaisesika and Nyaya Literature......Page 322
8. The main doctrine of the Nyaya-Vaisesika Philosophy......Page 327
10. The Theory of Causation......Page 330
11. Dissolution (Pralaya) and Creation (Sristi)......Page 336
12. Proof of the Existence of Isvara......Page 340
13. The Nyaya-Vaisesika Physics......Page 343
14. The Origin of Knowledge (Pramana)......Page 347
15. The four Pramanas of Nyaya......Page 349
16. Perception (Pratyaksa)......Page 350
17. Inference......Page 360
18. Upamana and Sabda......Page 371
19. Negation in Nyaya-Vaisesika......Page 372
20. The necessity of the Acquirement of debating devices for the seeker of Salvation......Page 377
21. The Doctrine of Soul......Page 379
22. Isvara and Salvation......Page 380
1. A Comparative Review......Page 384
2. The Mimamsa Literature......Page 386
3. The Paratah-pramanya doctrine of Nyaya and the Svatah-pramanya doctrine of Mimamsa......Page 389
4. The place of Sense-organs in Perception......Page 392
5. Indeterminate and Determinate Perception......Page 395
6. Some Ontological Problems connected with the Doctrine of Perception......Page 396
7. The Nature of Knowledge......Page 399
8. The Psychology of Illusion......Page 401
9. Inference......Page 404
10. Upamana, Arthapatti......Page 408
11. Sabda-pramana......Page 411
12. The Pramana of Non-perception (anupalabdhi)......Page 414
13. Self, Salvation, and God......Page 416
14. Mimarpsa as Philosophy and Mimamsa as Ritualism......Page 420
1. Comprehension of the Philosophical Issues more essential than Dialectic of Controversy......Page 423
2. The philosophical situation: a Review......Page 425
3. Vedanta Literature......Page 435
4. Vedanta in Gaudapada......Page 437
5. Vedanta and Sankara (788 - 820 A.D.)......Page 446
6. The main idea of the Vedanta philosophy......Page 456
7. In what sense is the world-appearance false?......Page 460
8. The nature of the world-appearance, phenomena......Page 462
9. The Definition of Ajnana (nescience)......Page 469
10. Ajnana established by Perception and Inference......Page 471
11. Locus and Object of Ajnana, Ahamkara and Antahkarana......Page 474
12. Anirvacyavada and the Vedanta dialectic......Page 478
13. The Theory of Causation......Page 482
14. Vedanta theory of Perception and Inference......Page 487
15. Atman, Jiva, Isvara, Ekajlvavada and Drstisrstivada......Page 491
16. Vedanta theory of Illusion......Page 502
17. Vedanta Ethics and Vedanta Emancipation......Page 506
18. Vedanta and other Indian systems......Page 509
Index......Page 512
Volume - 2......Page 547
Preface......Page 549
Contents......Page 553
1. The World-Appearance......Page 557
2. Thought and its Object in Buddhism and in Vedanta......Page 569
3. Sankara\'s Defence of Vedanta; Philosophy of Badarayana and Bhariprapanca......Page 592
4. Teachers and Pupils in Vedanta......Page 602
5. Vedanta Doctrine of Soul and the Buddhist Doctrine of Soullessness......Page 614
6. Vedantic Cosmology......Page 629
7. Sankara and his School......Page 633
8. Mandana, Suresvara and Visvarupa......Page 638
9. Mandana (A.D. 800)......Page 643
10. Suresvara (A.D. 800)......Page 654
11. Padmapada (A.D. 820)......Page 658
12. Vacaspati Misra (A.D. 840)......Page 662
13. Sarvajnatma Muni (A.D. 900)......Page 667
14. Anandabodha Yati (eleventh or twelfth century A.D.)......Page 672
15. Maha-Vidya and the Development of Logical Formalism......Page 674
16. Vedanta Dialectic of Srihara (A.D. 1150)......Page 681
17. Application of the Dialectic to the Different Categories and Concepts......Page 689
18. Citsukha\'s Interpretations of the Concepts of Sankara Vedanta (A.D. 1220)......Page 703
19. The Dialectic of Nagarjuna and the Vedanta Dialectic......Page 719
(a) Criticisms of Samkhya Parinama Doctrine......Page 727
(b) Criticism of Isvara......Page 732
(c) Refutation of the Soul Theory......Page 734
(d) Refutation of the Mimamsa Theory of the Self......Page 735
(f) Refutation of the Upanisad View of the Self......Page 737
(g) Refutation of the Theory of the Persistence of Existing Entities......Page 738
(h) Refutation of Criticisms of the Non-permanency of Entities......Page 741
(i) Refutation of the Nyaya Vaisesika Categories......Page 743
21. Dialectic of Sankara and Anandajnana......Page 745
22. Philosophy of the Prakatartha-vivarana (A.D. 1200)......Page 752
23. Vimuktatman (A.D. 1200)......Page 754
24. Ramadvaya (A.D. 1300)......Page 760
25. Vidyaranya (A.D. 1350)......Page 770
26. Nrisimhasrama Muni (A.D. 1500)......Page 772
27. Appaya Dikita (A.D. 1550)......Page 774
28. Prakasananda (A.D. 1550-2600)......Page 776
29. Madhusudana Sarasvati (A.D. 1500)......Page 781
1. Yoga-Vasistha......Page 784
2. The Ultimate Entity......Page 788
3. Origination......Page 791
4. Karma, Manas and the Categories......Page 793
5. The World-Appearance......Page 796
6. Nature of Agency Kartrutva and the Illusion of World Creation......Page 798
7. The Stage of the Saint (Jivan-mukta)......Page 801
8. Energy of Free-will (Pauru1a)......Page 808
9. Prana and its Control......Page 812
10. Stages of Progress......Page 820
11. Methods of Right Conduct......Page 823
12. Yoga-vasitha, Sankara Vedanta and Buddhist Vijnanavada......Page 824
1. Ayur-veda and the Atharva-Veda......Page 829
2. Bones in the Atharva-Veda and Ayur-veda......Page 840
3. Organs in the Atharva-Veda and Ayur-veda......Page 844
4. Practice of Medicine in the Atharva-Veda......Page 849
5. The Foetus and the Subtle Body......Page 858
6. Foetal Development......Page 868
7. Growth and Disease......Page 875
8. Vayu, Pitta and Kapha......Page 881
9. Head and Heart......Page 896
10. The Circulatory and the Nervous System......Page 900
11. The Nervous System of the Tantras......Page 908
12. The Theory of Rasas and their Chemistry......Page 913
13. The Psychological Views and other Ontological Categories......Page 922
14. Logical Speculations and Terms relating to Academic Dispute......Page 929
15. Did Logic Originate in the Discussions of Ayur-veda Physicians?......Page 948
16. Ayur-veda Ethics......Page 958
17. Springs of Action in the Caraka-samhita......Page 967
18. Good Life in Caraka......Page 974
19. Ayur-veda Literature......Page 979
1. The Gita Literature......Page 993
2. Gita and Yoga......Page 999
3. Samkhya and Yoga in the Gita......Page 1011
4. Samkhya Philosophy in the Gita......Page 1017
5. A Vyakta and Brahman......Page 1026
6. Conception of Sacrificial Duties in the Gita......Page 1035
7. Sense-control in the Gita......Page 1044
8. The Ethics of the Gita and the Buddhist Ethics......Page 1049
9. Analysis of Action......Page 1071
10. Eschatology......Page 1073
11. God and Man......Page 1079
12. Visnu, Vasudeva and Krishna......Page 1091
13. Bhagavata and the Bhagavad-Gita......Page 1101
Index......Page 1109
Volume - 3......Page 1178
Preface......Page 1182
Contents......Page 1186
1. Date of Bhaskara......Page 1190
2. Bhaskara and Sankara......Page 1192
3. The Philosophy of Bhaskara\'s Bhasya......Page 1195
1. Antiquity of the Pancaratra......Page 1201
2. The Position of the Pancaratra Literature......Page 1203
3. The Pancaratra Literature......Page 1210
4. Philosophy of the Jayakhya and other Samhitas......Page 1213
5. Philosophy of the Ahirbudhnya-samhita......Page 1223
1. The Chronology of the Arvars......Page 1252
2. The Philosophy of the Arvars......Page 1258
3. Arvars and Sri-vaisnavas on certain points of controversy in religious dogmas......Page 1274
1. The Aragiyas from Nathamuni to Ramanuja......Page 1283
2. Ramanuja......Page 1289
3. The Precursors of the Visitadvaita Philosophy and the contem-poraries and pupils of Ramanuja......Page 1294
4. Ramanuja Literature......Page 1303
5. The Influence of the Arvars on the followers of Ramanuja......Page 1323
1. Yamuna\'s doctrine of Soul contrasted with those of others......Page 1328
2. God and the World......Page 1341
3. God according to Ramanuja, Venkatanatha and Lokacarya......Page 1344
4. Visitadvaita doctrine of Soul according to Ramanuja and Venkatanatha......Page 1348
5. Acit or Primeval Matter: the Prakrti and its modifications......Page 1351
1. Sankara and Ramanuja on the nature of Reality as qualified or unqualified......Page 1354
2. Refutation of Sankara\'s avidya......Page 1364
3. Ramanuja\'s theory of Illusion - All knowledge is Real......Page 1368
4. Failure of theistic proofs......Page 1378
5. Bhaskara and Ramanuja......Page 1381
6. Ontological position of Ramanuja\'s Philosophy......Page 1384
7. Venkatanatha\'s treatment of Pramana......Page 1390
8. Venkatanatha\'s treatment of Doubt......Page 1396
9. Error and Doubt according to Venkatanatha......Page 1399
10. Perception in the light of elucidation by the later members of the Ramanuja School......Page 1409
11. Venkatanatha\'s treatment of Inference......Page 1414
12. Epistemology of the Ramanuja School according to Meghanadari and others......Page 1424
13. The Doctrine of Self-validity of Knowledge......Page 1436
(a) Substance......Page 1440
(b) Criticism of the Samkhya Inference for Establishing the Existence of Prakrti......Page 1445
(c) Refutation of the Atomic Theory of Nyaya in relation to Whole and Part......Page 1451
(d) Criticism of the Samkhya Theory of Sat-karya-vada......Page 1454
(e) Refutation of the Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness......Page 1457
(j) Refutation of the Carvaka criticism against the Doctrine of Causality......Page 1465
(g) The Nature of the Senses according to Venkatanatha......Page 1469
(h) The Nature of akasa according to Venkatanatha......Page 1471
(i) Nature of Time according to Venkatanatha......Page 1473
(j) The Nature of Soul according to Venkatanatha......Page 1475
(k) The Nature of Emancipation according to Venkatanatha......Page 1481
15. God in the Ramanuja School......Page 1485
16. Dialectical criticism against the Sankara School......Page 1493
17. Meghanadari......Page 1535
18. Vatsya Varada......Page 1538
19. Ramanujacarya II alias Vadi-Harpsa-Navamvuda......Page 1541
20. Ramanujadasa alias Mahacarya......Page 1550
21. Prapatti Doctrine as expounded in Srivacana-bhusana of Lokacarya and Saumya Jamatr Muni\'s Commentary on it......Page 1563
22. Kasturi-Rangacarya......Page 1570
23. Saila Srinivasa......Page 1573
24. Rangacarya......Page 1584
21. The Nimbarka School of Philosophy......Page 1588
1. Teachers and Pupils of the Nimbarka School......Page 1488
2. A General Idea of Nimbarka\'s Philosophy......Page 1593
(a) The Main Thesis and the Ultimate End in Advaita Vedanta are untenable......Page 1605
(b) Refutation of the Sailkara Theory of Illusion in its various Aspects......Page 1611
(c) Refutation of the Sankarite View of Ajnana......Page 1613
4. The Pramanas according to Madhava Mukunda......Page 1615
5. Criticism of the views of Ramanuja and Bhaskara......Page 1618
6. The Reality of the World......Page 1624
7. Vanamali Misra......Page 1629
1. A General Idea of Vijnana Bhikhu\'s Philosophy......Page 1634
2. The Brahman and the World according to Vijnana-mrita-bhaya......Page 1643
3. The Individual......Page 1649
4. Brahma-Experience and Experience......Page 1654
5. Self-Luminosity and Ignorance......Page 1657
6. Relation of Samkhya and Vedanta according to Bhikhu......Page 1660
7. Maya and Pradhana......Page 1665
8. Bhikhu\'s criticism of the Samkhya and Yoga......Page 1668
9. Isvara-gita, its Philosophy as expounded by Vijnana Bhikhu......Page 1671
1. Visnu Purana......Page 1685
2. Vayu Purana......Page 1690
3. Markandeya Purana......Page 1694
4. Naradiya Purana......Page 1695
5. Kumara Purana......Page 1697
The Lokayata, Nastika and Carvaka......Page 1701
Index......Page 1740
Volume - 4......Page 1805
Preface......Page 1809
Contents......Page 1813
1. The Bhagavata-purana......Page 1817
2. Dharma......Page 1818
3. Brahman, Paramatman, Bhagavat and Paramesvara......Page 1827
4. Kapila\'s philosophy in the Bhagavata-purana......Page 1840
5. Eschatology......Page 1865
1. Madhva\'s life......Page 1867
2. Madhva Gurus......Page 1872
3. Important Madhva works......Page 1873
4. Teachers and writers of the Madhva School......Page 1906
5. Ramanuja and Madhva......Page 1910
26. Madhva\'s Interpretation of the Brahma-Sutras......Page 1917
1. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 1......Page 1918
2. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 2......Page 1937
3. Interpretation of Brahma-sutra, I. I. 3-4......Page 1943
4. A general review of the other important topics of the Brahma-sutras......Page 1945
1. Ontology......Page 1966
2. Pramans (ways of valid knowledge)......Page 1976
3. Svatah-pramanya (self-validity of knowledge)......Page 1984
4. Illusion and Doubt......Page 1989
5. Defence of Pluralism (bheda)......Page 1994
28. Madhva Logic......Page 1997
1. Perception......Page 1834
2. Inference (Anumana)......Page 2000
3. Tarka (Ratiocination)......Page 2004
4. Concomitance (Vyapti)......Page 2013
6. Various considerations regarding Inference......Page 2016
7. Testimony......Page 2018
1. Vyasa-tirtha, Madhusudana and Ramacarya on the Falsity of the World......Page 2020
2. Nature of Knowledge......Page 2046
3. The World as Illusion......Page 2062
1. A refutation of the definition of Avidya (nescience)......Page 2075
2. Perception of Ajnana (ignorance)......Page 2080
3. Inference of ajnana......Page 2092
4. The theory of Avidya refuted......Page 2095
5. Ajnana and Ego-hood (ahankara)......Page 2110
6. Indefinability of World-appearance......Page 2117
7. Nature of Brahman......Page 2121
8. Refutation of Brahman as material and instrumental cause......Page 2124
9. Liberation (moksa)......Page 2131
1. Vallabha\'s interpretation of the Brahma-sutra......Page 2136
2. The nature of Brahman......Page 2143
3. The Categories......Page 2148
4. The Pramanas......Page 2152
5. Concept of bhakti......Page 2162
6. Topics of Vallabha Vedanta as explained by Vallabha\'s followers......Page 2174
7. Vitthala\'s interpretation of Vallabha\'s ideas......Page 2179
8. Life of Vallabha (1481-2533)......Page 2187
9. Works of Vallabha and his disciples......Page 2189
10. Visnusvamin......Page 2198
1. Caitanya\'s Biographers......Page 2200
2. Life of Caitanya......Page 2201
3. Emotionalism of Caitanya......Page 2205
4. Gleanings from Caitanya-Caritamrta on the subject of Caitanya\'s philosophical views......Page 2206
5. Some companions of Caitanya......Page 2209
1. Ontology......Page 2212
2. Status of the World......Page 2221
3. God and His Powers......Page 2225
4. God\'s relation to His devotees......Page 2226
5. Nature of bhakti......Page 2231
6. Ultimate Realization......Page 2244
7. The joy of bhakti......Page 2246
8. The philosophy of Baladeva Vidyabhusana......Page 2254
Index......Page 2265
Volume - 5......Page 2301
Surendranath Dasgupta - A Memoir......Page 2303
Contents......Page 2311
1. The Literature and History of Southern Saivism......Page 2313
2. The Agama Literature and its Philosophical Perspective......Page 2332
3. Siva-jnana-bodha by Meykandadeva......Page 2336
4. Matanga-paramesvara-tantra......Page 2340
5. Pauskaragama......Page 2341
7. Vatula-tantram......Page 2350
1. History and Literature of Vira-saivism......Page 2354
2. Anubhava-sutra of Mayi-deva......Page 2373
1. Philosophy of Saivism as expounded by Srikantha and Appaya Diksita......Page 2377
2. The Nature of Brahman......Page 2389
3. Moral Responsibility and the Grace of God......Page 2397
1. The Saiva Philosophy in the Siva-mahapurana......Page 2408
Section 1......Page 2418
Section 2......Page 2430
1. The Doctrine of the Pasupata-sutras......Page 2442
2. The Saiva Ideas of Manikka-vachakar in Tiru-vachaka......Page 2461
3. Manikka-vachakar and Saiva Siddhanta......Page 2466
4. Saiva Philosophy according to Bhoja and his commentators......Page 2471
5. Sripati Pandita\'s Ideas on the Vedanta Philosophy, i.e. Srikara-bhasya......Page 2485
Index......Page 2503