A History of Greece, Volume 10 of 12, originally published in 1852

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 6
PREFACE TO VOL. X.......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
CHAPTER LXXVI - From the Peace of Antalkidas down to the Subjugation of Olynthus by Sparta......Page 34
Peace or convention of Antalkidas. Its import and character. Separate partnership between Sparta and Persia......Page 35
Degradation in the form of the convention--an edict drawn up, issued, and enforced, by Persia upon Greece......Page 36
Gradual loss of Pan-hellenic dignity, and increased submission towards Persia as a means of purchasing Persian help--on the part of Sparta......Page 39
Her first application before the Peloponnesian war; subsequent applications......Page 40
Active partnership between Sparta and Persia against Athens, after the Athenian catastrophe at Syracuse. Athens is ready to follow her example......Page 41
How Sparta became hostile to Persia after the battle of Ægospotami. The Persian force aids Athens against her, and breaks up her maritime empire......Page 43
No excuse for the subservience of Sparta to the Persians--she was probably afraid of a revived Athenian empire......Page 44
Hellenism betrayed to the enemy, first by Sparta, next by the other leading states. Evidence that Hellenic independence was not destined to last much longer......Page 46
Promise of universal autonomy--popular to the Grecian ear--how carried out......Page 47
The Spartans never intended to grant, nor ever really granted, general autonomy. They used the promise as a means of increased power to themselves......Page 48
Immediate point made against Corinth and Thebes--isolation of Athens......Page 49
Persian affairs--unavailing efforts of the Great King to reconquer Egypt......Page 50
Evagoras, despot of Salamis in Cyprus......Page 51
Descent of Evagoras--condition of the island of Cyprus......Page 52
Greek princes of Salamis are dispossessed by a Phoenician dynasty......Page 54
Evagoras dethrones the Phoenician, and becomes despot of Salamis......Page 55
Able and beneficent government of Evagoras......Page 56
His anxiety to revive Hellenism in Cyprus--he looks to the aid of Athens......Page 57
Relations of Evagoras with Athens during the closing years of the Peloponnesian war......Page 58
Evagoras at war with the Persians--he receives aid both from Athens and from Egypt--he is at first very successful, so as even to capture Tyre......Page 60
Struggle of Evagoras against the whole force of the Persian empire after the peace of Antalkidas......Page 62
Evagoras, after a ten years' war, is reduced, but obtains an honourable peace, mainly owing to the dispute between the two satraps jointly commanding......Page 63
Assassination of Evagoras, as well as of his son Pnytagoras, by an eunuch slave of Nikokreon......Page 65
Condition of the Asiatic Greeks after being transferred to Persia--much changed for the worse. Exposure of the Ionian islands also......Page 67
Great power gained by Sparta through the peace of Antalkidas. She becomes practically mistress of Corinth, and the Corinthian isthmus. Miso-Theban tendencies of Sparta--especially of Agesilaus......Page 70
Sparta organized anti-Theban oligarchies in the Boeotian cities, with a Spartan harmost in several. Most of these cities seem to have been favourable to Thebes, though Orchomenus and Thespiæ were adverse......Page 71
The Spartans restore Platæa. Former conduct of Sparta towards Platæa......Page 73
Motives of Sparta in restoring Platæa. A politic step, as likely to sever Thebes from Athens......Page 75
Platæa becomes a dependency and outpost of Sparta. Main object of Sparta to prevent the reconstitution of the Boeotian federation......Page 76
Spartan policy at this time directed by the partisan spirit of Agesilaus, opposed by his colleague Agesipolis......Page 78
Oppressive behaviour of the Spartans towards Mantinea. They require the walls of the city to be demolished......Page 80
Agesipolis blockades the city, and forces it to surrender, by damming up the river Ophis. The Mantineans are forced to break up their city into villages......Page 81
Democratical leaders of Mantinea--owed their lives to the mediation of the exiled king Pausanias......Page 82
Mantinea is pulled down and distributed into five villages......Page 83
High-handed despotism of Sparta towards Mantinea--signal partiality of Xenophon......Page 84
Mischievous influence of Sparta, during this period of her ascendency, in decomposing the Grecian world into the smallest fragments......Page 86
The treatment of Mantinea was only one among a series of other acts of oppressive intervention, committed by Sparta towards her various allies......Page 88
Competition of Athens with Sparta for ascendency at sea. Athens gains ground, and gets together some rudiments of a maritime confederacy......Page 89
Ideas entertained by some of the Spartan leaders, of acting against the Persians for the rescue of the Asiatic Greeks.--Panegyrical Discourse of Isokrates......Page 92
Perdikkas and Archelaus--energy and ability of the latter......Page 93
Contrast of Macedonia and Athens......Page 96
Succeeding Macedonian kings--Orestes, Æropus, Pausanias, Amyntas. Assassination frequent......Page 98
Amyntas is expelled from Macedonia by the Illyrians--he makes over much of the sea-coast to the Olynthian confederacy......Page 99
Chalkidians of Olynthus--they take into their protection the Macedonian cities on the coast, when Amyntas runs away before the Illyrians. Commencement of the Olynthian confederacy......Page 100
Equal and liberal principles on which the confederacy was framed from the beginning. Accepted willingly by the Macedonian and Greco-Macedonian cities......Page 102
The Olynthians extend their confederacy among the Grecian cities in Chalkidic Thrace--their liberal procedure--several cities join--others cling to their own autonomy, but are afraid of open resistance......Page 103
Speech of Kleigenes the Akanthian envoy at Sparta......Page 104
Envoys from Amyntas at Sparta......Page 107
The Lacedæmonians and their allies vote aid to the Akanthians against Olynthus......Page 109
Anxiety of the Akanthians for instant intervention. The Spartan Eudamidas is sent against Olynthus at once, with such force as could be got ready. He checks the career of the Olynthians......Page 111
Conspiracy of Leontiades and the philo-Laconian party in Thebes, to betray the town and citadel to Phoebidas......Page 112
The opposing leaders--Leontiades and Ismenias--were both Polemarchs. Leontiades contrives the plot and introduces Phoebidas into the Kadmeia......Page 114
Leontiades overawes the Senate, and arrests Ismenias: Pelopidas and the leading friends of Ismenias go into exile......Page 115
Mixed feelings at Sparta--great importance of the acquisition to Spartan interests......Page 116
Displeasure at Sparta more pretended than real, against Phoebidas: Agesilaus defends him......Page 117
Leontiades at Sparta--his humble protestations and assurances--the Ephors decide that they will retain the Kadmeia, but at the same time fine Phoebidas......Page 118
The Lacedæmonians cause Ismenias to be tried and put to death. Iniquity of this proceeding......Page 119
Strenuous resistance of the Olynthians--excellence of their cavalry......Page 121
Teleutias being at first successful and having become over-confident, sustains a terrible defeat from the Olynthians under the walls of their city......Page 122
Agesipolis is sent to Olynthus from Sparta with a reinforcement. He dies of a fever......Page 124
Great mischief done by Sparta to Greece by thus crushing Olynthus......Page 125
Intervention of Sparta with the government of Phlius. The Phliasian government favoured by Agesipolis, persecuted by Agesilaus......Page 128
Agesilaus marches an army against Phlius--reduces the town by blockade, after a long resistance. The Lacedæmonians occupy the acropolis, naming a Council of One Hundred as governors......Page 129
Great ascendency of Sparta on land in 379 B.C.......Page 132
Sparta is now feared as the great despot of Greece--her confederacy with the Persian king, and with Dionysius of Syracuse......Page 133
Strong complaint of the rhetor Lysias, expressed at the Olympic festival of 384 B.C.......Page 134
Demonstration against the Syracusan despot Dionysius, at that festival......Page 135
Panegyrical oration of Isokrates......Page 138
Censure upon Sparta pronounced by the philo-Laconian Xenophon......Page 139
His manner of marking the point of transition in his history--from Spartan glory to Spartan disgrace......Page 140
Thebes under Leontiades and the philo-Spartan oligarchy, with the Spartan garrison in the Kadmeia--oppressive and tyrannical government......Page 141
Discontent at Thebes, though under compression. Theban exiles at Athens......Page 142
Pelopidas takes the lead--he, with Mellon and five other exiles, undertakes the task of destroying the rulers of Thebes. Cooperation of Phyllidas the secretary, and Charon at Thebes......Page 144
Plans of Phyllidas for admitting the conspirators into Thebes and the government-house--he invites the polemarchs to a banquet......Page 146
The scheme very nearly frustrated--accident which prevented Chlidon from delivering his message......Page 147
Pelopidas and Mellon get secretly into Thebes, and conceal themselves in the house of Charon. Sudden summons sent by the polemarchs to Charon. Charon places his son in the hands of Pelopidas as a hostage--warning to the polemarchs from Athens--they leave it unread......Page 148
Phyllidas brings the conspirators, in female attire, into the room where the polemarchs are banqueting--Archias, Philippus, and Kabeirichus are assassinated......Page 149
Leontiades and Hypates are slain in their houses......Page 151
Phyllidas opens the prison, and sets free the prisoners. Epaminondas and many other citizens appear in arms......Page 152
Universal joy among the citizens on the ensuing morning, when the event was known. General assembly in the market-place--Pelopidas, Mellon and Charon are named the first Boeotarchs......Page 153
Aid to the conspirators from private sympathisers in Attica. Alarm of the Spartans in the Kadmeia--they send for reinforcements......Page 154
Pelopidas and the Thebans prepare to storm the Kadmeia--the Lacedæmonian garrison capitulate and are dismissed--several of the oligarchical Thebans are put to death in trying to go away along with them. The harmost who surrendered the Kadmeia is put to death by the Spartans......Page 155
Powerful sensation produced by this incident throughout the Grecian world......Page 158
It alters the balance of power, and the tenure of Spartan empire......Page 160
Indignation in Sparta at the revolution of Thebes--a Spartan army sent forth at once, under King Kleombrotus. He retires from Boeotia without achieving anything......Page 161
Kleombrotus passes by the Athenian frontier--alarm at Athens-- condemnation of the two Athenian generals who had favoured the enterprise of Pelopidas......Page 162
Different constructions put upon this attempt and upon the character of Sphodrias......Page 166
Alarm and wrath produced at Athens by the attempt of Sphodrias. The Lacedæmonian envoys at Athens seized, but dismissed......Page 168
Trial of Sphodrias at Sparta. He is acquitted, greatly through the private favour and sympathies of Agesilaus......Page 169
Comparison of Spartan with Athenian procedure......Page 170
The Athenians declare war against Sparta, and contract alliance with Thebes......Page 171
Exertions of Athens to form a new maritime confederacy, like the Confederacy of Delos. Thebes enrolls herself as a member......Page 172
Athens sends round envoys to the islands in the Ægean. Liberal principles on which the new confederacy is formed. The Athenians formally renounce all pretensions to their lost properties out of Attica, and engage to abstain from future Kleruchies......Page 173
Envoys sent round by Athens--Chabrias, Timotheus, Kallistratus......Page 175
Service of Iphikrates in Thrace after the peace of Antalkidas. He marries the daughter of the Thracian prince Kotys, and acquires possession of a Thracian sea-port, Drys......Page 178
Timotheus and Kallistratus--their great success in winning the islanders into confederacy with Athens......Page 181
Synod of the new confederates assembled at Athens--votes for war on a large scale......Page 184
Members of the confederacy were at first willing and harmonious --a fleet is equipped......Page 185
New property-tax imposed at Athens. The Solonian census......Page 186
The Solonian census retained in the main, though with modifications, at the restoration under the archonship of Eukleides in 403 B.C.......Page 187
Archonship of Nausinikus in 378 B.C.--New census and schedule then introduced, of all citizens worth 25 minæ and upwards, distributed into classes, and entered for a fraction of their total property; each class for a different fraction......Page 188
All metics, worth more than 25 minæ, were registered in the schedule; all in one class, each man for one-sixth of his property. Aggregate schedule......Page 190
The Symmories--containing the 1200 wealthiest citizens--the 300 wealthiest, leaders of the Symmories......Page 191
Citizens not wealthy enough to be included in the Symmories, yet still entered in the schedule and liable to property-tax. Purpose of the Symmories--extension of the principle to the trierarchy......Page 193
Enthusiasm at Thebes in defence of the new government and against Sparta. Military training--the Sacred Band......Page 194
Epaminondas......Page 196
His previous character and training--musical and intellectual, as well as gymnastic. Conversation with philosophers, Sokratic as well as Pythagorean......Page 197
His eloquence--his unambitious disposition--gentleness of his political resentments......Page 200
Conduct of Epaminondas at the Theban revolution of 379 B.C.-- he acquires influence, through Pelopidas, in the military organization of the city......Page 202
Agesilaus marches to attack Thebes with the full force of the Spartan confederacy--good system of defence adopted by Thebes --aid from Athens under Chabrias......Page 204
Agesilaus retires, leaving Phoebidas in command at Thespiæ--desultory warfare of Phoeebidas against Thebes--he is defeated and slain. Increase of the Theban strength in Boeotia, against the philo-Spartan oligarchies in the Boeotian cities......Page 206
Agesilaus retires--he is disabled by a hurt in the leg......Page 207
Resolution of Sparta to equip a large fleet, under the admiral Pollis. The Athenians send out a fleet under Chabrias--victory of Chabrias at sea near Naxos. Recollection of the battle of Arginusæ......Page 208
Extension of the Athenian maritime confederacy, in consequence of the victory at Naxos......Page 211
Circumnavigation of Peloponnesus by Timotheus with an Athenian fleet--his victory over the Lacedæmonian fleet--his success in extending the Athenian confederacy--his just dealing......Page 212
Financial difficulties of Athens......Page 213
She becomes jealous of the growing strength of Thebes--steady and victorious progress of Thebes in Boeotia......Page 214
Victory of Pelopidas at Tegyra over the Lacedæmonians......Page 215
The Thebans expel the Lacedæmonians out of all Boeotia, except Orchomenus--they reorganise the Boeotian federation......Page 216
They invade Phokis--Kleombrotus is sent thither with an army for defence--Athens makes a separate peace with the Lacedæmonians......Page 217
Polydamus of Pharsalus applies to Sparta for aid against Pheræ......Page 219
Jason of Pheræ--his energetic character and formidable power......Page 220
His prudent dealing with Polydamas......Page 222
Evidence of the decline of Spartan power during the last eight years......Page 223
Peace between Athens and Sparta--broken off almost immediately. The Lacedæmonians declare war again, and resume their plans upon Zakynthus and Korkyra......Page 225
Lacedæmonian armament under Mnasippus, collected from all the confederates, invades Korkyra......Page 226
Mnasippus besieges the city--high cultivation of the adjoining lands......Page 227
The Korkyræans blocked up in the city--supplies intercepted-- want begins--no hope of safety except in aid from Athens. Reinforcement arrives from Athens--large Athenian fleet preparing under Timotheus......Page 228
Mnasippus becomes careless and insolent from over-confidence--he offends his mercenaries--the Korkyræans make a successful sally--Mnasippus is defeated and slain--the city supplied with provisions......Page 229
Tardy arrival of the Athenian fleet--it is commanded not by Timotheus, but by Iphikrates--causes of the delay--preliminary voyage of Timotheus, very long protracted......Page 231
Discontent at Athens, in consequence of the absence of Timotheus --distress of the armament assembled at Kalauria--Iphikrates and Kallistratus accuse Timotheus. Iphikrates named admiral in his place......Page 233
Return of Timotheus--an accusation is entered against him, but trial is postponed until the return of Iphikrates from Korkyra......Page 235
Rapid and energetic movements of Iphikrates towards Korkyra --his excellent management of the voyage. On reaching Kephallenia, he learns the flight of the Lacedæmonians from Korkyra......Page 236
He goes on to Korkyra, and captures by surprise the ten Syracusan triremes sent by Dionysius to the aid of Sparta......Page 237
Iphikrates in want of money--he sends home Kallistratus to Athens--he finds work for his seamen at Korkyra--he obtains funds by service in Akarnania......Page 238
Favourable tone of public opinion at Athens, in consequence of the success at Korkyra--the trial of Timotheus went off easily --Jason and Alketas come to support him--his quæstor is condemned to death......Page 240
Timotheus had been guilty of delay, not justifiable under the circumstances-- though acquitted, his reputation suffered--he accepts command under Persia......Page 242
Discouragement of Sparta in consequence of her defeat at Korkyra, and of the triumphant position of Iphikrates. They are farther dismayed by earthquakes and other divine signs--Helikê and Bura are destroyed by an earthquake......Page 245
The Spartans again send Antalkidas to Persia, to sue for a fresh intervention--the Persian satraps send down an order that the Grecian belligerents shall make up their differences......Page 246
Athens had ceased to be afraid of Sparta, and had become again jealons of Thebes......Page 247
Equivocal position of the restored Platæa, now that the Lacedæmonians had been expelled from Boeotia. The Platæans try to persuade Athens to incorporate them with Attica......Page 248
The Thebans forestal this negotiation by seizing Platæa, and expelling the inhabitants, who again take refuge at Athens......Page 249
Strong feeling excited in Athens against the Thebans, on account of their dealings with Platæa and Thespiæ. The Plataic discourse of Isokrates......Page 252
Increased tendency of the Athenians towards peace with Sparta Athens and the Athenian confederacy give notice to Thebes. General congress for peace at Sparta......Page 255
Speeches of the Athenian envoys Kallias, Autokles, Kallistratus......Page 256
Kallistratus and his policy......Page 257
He proposes that Sparta and Athens shall divide between them the headship of Greece--Sparta on land, Athens at sea--recognising general autonomy......Page 258
The oath proposed to the Thebans. Epaminondas, the Theban envoy, insists upon taking the oath in the name of the Boeotian federation. Agesilaus and the Spartans require that he shall take it for Thebes alone......Page 259
Daring and emphatic speeches delivered by Epaminondas in the congress--protesting against the overweening pretensions of Sparta. He claims recognition of the ancient institutions of Boeotia, with Thebes as president of the federation......Page 260
Indignation of the Spartans, and especially of Agesilaus--brief questions exchanged--Thebes is excluded from the treaty......Page 262
General peace sworn, including Athens, Sparta, and the rest-- Thebes alone is excluded......Page 264
Advantageous position of Athens--prudence in her to make peace now......Page 265
Real point in debate between Agesilaus and Epaminondas......Page 266
Measures for executing the stipulations made at the congress of Sparta......Page 269
King Kleombrotus is ordered to march into Boeotia, out of Phokis......Page 270
He forces the defences of Boeotia, and encamps at Leuktra......Page 272
Epaminondas and the Thebans at Leuktra--discouragement in the army......Page 273
New order of battle adopted by Epaminondas......Page 275
Confidence of the Spartans and of Kleombrotus......Page 276
Defeat of the Spartans and death of Kleombrotus......Page 278
Faint adherence of the Spartan allies......Page 280
Spartan camp after the defeat--confession of defeat by sending to solicit the burial-truce......Page 281
Great surprise, and immense alteration of feeling, produced throughout Greece by the Theban victory......Page 282
Effect of the news at Sparta--heroic self-command......Page 286
Difference of Athens and Sparta--Athens, equal in active energy......Page 288
Proceedings in Boeotia after the battle of Leuktra. The Theban victory not well received at Athens......Page 289
Jason of Pheræ arrives at Leuktra--the Spartan army retires from Boeotia under capitulation......Page 291
Treatment of the defeated citizens on reaching Sparta--suspension of the law......Page 294
Extension of the power of Thebes. Treatment of Orchomenus and Thespiæ......Page 296
Power and ambition of Jason......Page 298
Plans of Jason--Pythian festival......Page 299
Assassination of Jason at Pheræ......Page 300
Proceedings in Peloponnesus after the defeat of Leuktra. Expulsion of the Spartan harmosts and dekarchies......Page 302
Skytalism at Argos--violent intestine feud......Page 304
Discouragement and helplessness of Sparta......Page 306
Athens places herself at the head of a new Peloponnesian land confederacy......Page 307
Accusation preferred in the Amphiktyonic assembly, by Thebes against Sparta......Page 308
The Spartans are condemned to a fine--importance of this fact as an indication......Page 309
Proceedings in Areadia......Page 311
Re-establishment of the city of Mantinea by its own citizens......Page 312
Humiliating refusal experienced by Agesilaus from the Mantineans --keenly painful to a Spartan......Page 314
Feeling against Agesilaus at Sparta......Page 315
Impulse among the Areadians towards Pan-Arcadian union. Opposition from Orchomenus and Tegea......Page 316
Revolution at Tegea--the philo-Spartan party are put down or expelled. Tegea becomes anti-Spartan, and favourable to the Pan-Arcadian union......Page 318
Pan-Arcadian union is formed......Page 319
March of Agesilaus against Mantinea. Evidence of lowered sentiment in Sparta......Page 320
Application by the Arcadians to Athens for aid against Sparta; it is refused: they then apply to the Thebans......Page 323
Plans of Epaminondas for restoring the Messenians in Peloponnesus......Page 324
Also, for consolidating the Arcadians against Sparta......Page 326
Epaminondas and the Theban army arrive in Arcadia. Great allied force assembled there. The allies entreat him to invade Laconia......Page 328
Reluctance of Epaminondas to invade Laconia--reasonable grounds for it......Page 329
He marches into Laconia--four lines of invasion......Page 330
Alarm at Sparta--arrival of various allies to her aid by sea......Page 331
Discontent in Laconia among the Perioeki and Helots--danger to Sparta from that cause......Page 333
Vigilant defence of Sparta by Agesilaus......Page 335
Violent emotion of the Spartans, especially the women. Partial attack upon Sparta by Epaminondas......Page 336
Great effect of this invasion upon Grecian opinion--Epaminondas is exalted, and Sparta farther lowered......Page 338
Foundation of the Arcadian Megalopolis......Page 339
Foundation of Messênê......Page 341
Abstraction of Western Laconia from Sparta......Page 343
Great diminution thereby of her power, wealth, and estimation......Page 345
Perioeki and Helots established as freemen along with the Messenians on the Lacedæmonian border......Page 346
The details of this reorganizing process unhappily unknown......Page 347
Megalopolis--the Pan-Arcadian Ten Thousand......Page 350
Epamiuondas and his army evacuate Peloponnesus......Page 352
The Spartans solieit aid from Athens--language of their envoys, as well as those from Corinth and Phlius, at Athens......Page 353
Reception of the envoys--the Athenians grant the prayer......Page 355
March of Iphikrates and his army to the Isthmus......Page 357
Trial of Epaminondas at Thebes for retaining his command beyond the legal time--his honourable and easy acquittal......Page 360
Changes in Peloponnesus since the battle of Leuktra......Page 364
Changes out of Peloponnesus......Page 365
Ambitious views of Athens after the battle of Leuktra......Page 367
Her aspirations to maritime empire, and to the partial recovery of kleruchies......Page 368
She wishes to recover Amphipolis--Amyntas recognises her right to the place......Page 369
Athens and Amphipolis......Page 370
Death of Jason and Amyntas--state of Thessaly and Macedonia......Page 372
Alexander of Pheræ--he is opposed by Pelopidas--influence of Thebes in Thessaly......Page 373
State of Macedonia--Alexander son of Amyntas--Eurydikê--Ptolemy......Page 374
Assistance rendered by the Athenian Iphikrates to the family of Amyntas......Page 375
Iphikrates and Timotheus......Page 378
Terms of alliance discussed and concluded between Athens and Sparta......Page 379
The Spartan allied army defends the line of Mount Oneium-- Epaminondas breaks through it, and marches into Peloponnesus......Page 381
Sikyon joins the Thebans--Phlius remains faithful to Sparta......Page 383
Reinforcement from Syracuse to Peloponnesus, in aid of Sparta......Page 385
Energetic action and insolence of the Arcadians--Lykomedes animates and leads them on......Page 387
Great influence of Lykomedes......Page 388
Elis tries to recover her supremacy over the Triphylian towns, which are admitted into the Arcadian union, to the great offence of Elis......Page 389
Mission of Philiskus to Greece by Ariobarzanes......Page 390
Political importance of the reconstitution of Messênê, which now becomes the great subject of discord. Messenian victor proclaimed at Olympia......Page 391
Expedition of Pelopidas into Thessaly......Page 393
The Tearless Battle--victory of the Spartan Archidamus over the Arcadians......Page 395
Third expedition of Epaminondas into Peloponnesus--his treatment of the Achæan cities......Page 397
The Thebans reverse the policy of Epaminondas, on complaint of the Arcadians and others. They do not re-elect him Boeotarch......Page 399
Disturbed state of Sikyon--Euphron makes himself despot--his rapacious and sanguinary conduct......Page 401
Sufferings of the Phliasians--their steady adherence to Sparta......Page 403
Assistance rendered to Phlius by the Athenian Chares--surprise of the fort of Thyamia......Page 404
Euphron is expelled from Sikyon by the Arcadians and Thebans --he retires to the harbour, which he surrenders to the Spartans......Page 406
Euphron returns to Sikyon--he goes to Thebes, and is there assassinated......Page 407
They are acquitted by the Theban Senate......Page 410
The Sikyonians recapture their harbour from the Spartans......Page 411
Application of Thebes for Persian countenance to her headship-- mission of Pelopidas and other envoys to Susa......Page 412
Pelopidas obtains from Persia a favourable rescript......Page 414
Protest of the Athenian and Arcadians against the rescript......Page 416
The states convoked at Thebes refuse to receive the rescript. The Arcadian deputies protest against the headship of Thebes......Page 418
The Thebans send the rescript to be received at Corinth: the Corinthians refuse: failure of the Theban object......Page 419
Mission of Pelopidas to Thessaly. He is seized and detained prisoner by Alexander of Pheræ......Page 420
The Thebans despatch an army to rescue Pelopidas. The army, defeated and retreating, is only saved by Epaminondas, then a private man......Page 421
Triumph of Alexander in Thessaly and discredit of Thebes. Harsh treatment of Pelopidas......Page 422
Second Theban army sent into Thessaly, under Epaminondas, for the rescue of Pelopidas, who is at length released by Alexander under a truce......Page 423
Oropus is taken from Athens and placed in the hands of the Thebans. The Athenians recall Chares from Corinth......Page 425
Athens discontented with her Peloponnesian allies; she enters into alliance with Lykomedes and the Arcadians. Death of Lykomedes......Page 427
Epaminondas is sent as envoy into Arcadia; he speaks against Kallistratus......Page 428
Project of the Athenians to seize Corinth: they are disappointed......Page 429
The Corinthians, Epidaurians and others are anxious to make peace. They apply to Sparta......Page 430
Refusal of the Spartans to acknowledge the independence of Messênê; they reproach their allies with consenting......Page 431
Complicated relations between the Grecian states after this peace......Page 433
Athens sends a fresh embassy to the Persian king--altered rescript from him, pronouncing Amphipolis to be an Athenian possession......Page 434
Timotheus sent with a fleet to Asia--Agesilaus--revolt of Ariobarzanes......Page 435
Conquest of Samos by Timotheus......Page 436
Partial re-admission to the Chersonese obtained by Timotheus......Page 438
Samos and the Chersonese--new proprietary acquisitions for Athens. Athenian kleruchs or sellers sent thither as proprietors......Page 439
Difficulties of Athens in establishing her kleruchs in the Chersonese......Page 441
Kotys of Thrace--Timotheus supersedes Iphikrates......Page 442
Timotheus acts with success on the coast of Macedonia and Chalkidikê. He fails at Amphipolis......Page 444
Timotheus acts against Kotys and near the Chersonese......Page 446
Measures of the Thebans in Thessaly--Pelopidas is sent with an army against Alexander of Pheræ......Page 447
Epaminondas exhorts the Thebans to equip a fleet against Athens......Page 448
Discussion between him and Menekleidas in the Theban assembly......Page 449
Menekleidas seemingly right in dissuading naval preparations......Page 451
Epaminondas in command of a Theban fleet in the Hellespont and Bosphorus......Page 452
Pelopidas attacks Alexander of Pheræ--his success in battle--his rashness--he is slain......Page 453
Excessive grief of the Thebans and Thessalians for his death......Page 455
The Thebans completely subdue Alexander of Pheræ......Page 456
Conspiracy of the knights of Orchomenus against Thebes--destruction of Orchomenus by the Thebans......Page 459
Repugnance excited against the Thebans--regret and displeasure of Epaminondas......Page 460
Return of Epaminondas from his cruise--renewed complications in Peloponnesus......Page 461
The Eleians aim at recovering Triphylia -- the Spartans, at recovering Messênê......Page 462
War between the Eleians and Arcadians; the latter occupy Olympia......Page 464
Second invasion of Elis by the Arcadians. Distress of the Eleians. Archidamus and the Spartans invade Arcadia......Page 465
Archidamus establishes a Spartan garrison at Kromnus. The Arcadians gain advantages over him--armistice......Page 466
The Arcadians blockade Kromnus, and capture the Spartan garrison......Page 468
The Arcadians celebrate the Olympic festival along with the Pisatans--excluding the Eleians......Page 469
The Eleians invade the festival by arms--conflict on the plain of Olympia--bravery of the Eleians......Page 470
Feelings of the spectators at Olympia......Page 472
The Arcadians take the treasures of Olympia to pay their militia......Page 473
Violent dissensions arising among the members of the Arcadian communion, in consequence of this appropriation. The Arcadian assembly pronounces against it......Page 474
Farther dissensions in Arcadia--invitation sent to the Thebans--peace concluded with Elis......Page 476
The peace generally popular--celebrated at Tegea--seizure of many oligarchical members at Tegea by the Theban harmost......Page 477
Conduct of the Theban harmost......Page 479
View taken by Epaminondas......Page 480
His view is more consistent with the facts recounted by Xenophon, than the view of Xenophon himself......Page 481
Policy of Epaminondas and the Thebans......Page 483
Epaminondas marches with a Theban army into Peloponnesus, to muster at Tegea......Page 484
Muster of the Arcadians and other enemies of Thebes, at Mantinea. Agesilaus and the Spartans are sent for......Page 485
Night-march of Epaminondas to surprise Sparta. Agesilaus is informed in time to prevent surprise......Page 486
Epaminondas comes up to Sparta, but finds it defended......Page 488
He marches back to Tegea--despatches his cavalry from thence to surprise Mantinea......Page 489
The surprise is baffled, by the accidental arrival of the Athenian cavalry--battle of cavalry near Mantinea, in which the Athenians have the advantage......Page 491
Epaminondas resolves to attack the enemy near Mantinea......Page 493
View of Xenophon--that this resolution was forced upon him by despair--examined......Page 494
Alacrity of the army of Epaminondas, when the order for fighting is given......Page 495
Mantinico-Tegeatic plain--position of the Lacedæmonians and Mantineans......Page 497
March of Epaminondas from Tegea......Page 498
False impression produced upon the enemy by his manoeuvres. They are led to suppose that there would be no immediate battle......Page 499
Want of adequate command among the allies opposed to Epaminondas......Page 500
Theban order of battle--plans of the commander......Page 501
Disposition of the cavalry on both sides......Page 503
Unprepared state of the Lacedæmonian army......Page 504
Battle of Mantinea--complete success of the dispositions of Epaminondas......Page 505
Victory of the Thebans--Epaminondas is mortally wounded......Page 506
Extreme discouragement caused by his death among the troops, even when in full victory and pursuit......Page 508
Proof of the influence which he exercised over the minds of the soldiers......Page 509
Victory claimed by both sides--nevertheless the Lacedæmonians are obliged to solicit the burial-truce......Page 511
The two other best Theban officers are slain also in the battle......Page 512
Who slew Epaminondas? Different persons honoured for it......Page 513
Peace concluded--statu quo recognised, including the independence of Messênê--Sparta alone stands out--the Thebans return home......Page 514
Results of the battle of Mantinea, as appreciated by Xenophon--unfair to the Thebans......Page 515
Character of Epaminondas......Page 516
Disputes among the inhabitants of Megalopolis. The Thebans send thither a force under Pammenes, which maintains the incorporation......Page 526
Agesilaus and Archidamus......Page 528
State of Persia--revolted satraps and provinces--Datames......Page 529
Formidable revolt of the satraps in Asia Minor--it is suppressed by the Persian court, through treachery......Page 530
Agesilaus goes as commander to Egypt--Chabrias is there also......Page 531
Death and character of Agesilaus......Page 533
State of Egypt and Persia......Page 537
Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Murders in the royal family......Page 538
Athenian maritime operations--Timotheus makes war against Amphipolis and against Kotys......Page 540
Ergophilus succeeds Timotheus at the Chersonese--Kallisthenes succeeds him against Amphipolis--war at sea against Alexander of Pheræ......Page 541
Ergophilus and Kallisthenes both unsuccessful--both tried......Page 543
Miltokythes revolts from Kotys in Thrace--ill-success of the Athenians......Page 545
Menon--Timomachus--as commanders in the Chersonese. The Athenians lose Sestos......Page 546
Kephisodotus in the Chersonese. Charidemus crosses thither from Abydos......Page 548
Assassination of Kotys......Page 549
Kersobleptes succeeds Kotys. Berisades and Amadokus, his rivals--ill-success of Athens--Kephisodotus......Page 551
Improved prospects of Athens in the Chersonese--Athenodorus-- Charidemus......Page 553
Charidemus is forced to accept the convention of Athenodorus--his evasions--the Chersonese with Sestos is restored to Athens......Page 555
The transmarine empire of Athens now at its maximum. Mischievous effects of her conquests made against Olynthus......Page 557
Maximum of second Athenian empire--accession of Philip of Macedon......Page 558
Syracuse after the destruction of the Athenian armament......Page 561
Anticipation of the impending ruin of Athens--revolution at Thurii......Page 562
Syracusan squadron under Hermokrates goes to act against Athens in the Ægean......Page 563
Disappointed hopes--defeat at Kynossema--second ruinous defeat at Kyzikus......Page 564
Sufferings of the Syracusan seamen--disappointment and displeasure at Syracuse......Page 566
Banishment of Hermokrates and his colleagues. Sentence communicated by Hermokrates to the armatnent. Their displeasure at it......Page 567
Hermokrates had promised to the Syracusans what he could not realize; but his conduct as commander had been good......Page 568
Internal state of Syracuse--constitution of Diokles......Page 569
Difficulty of determining what that constitution was......Page 571
State of the Carthaginians......Page 572
Extent of Carthaginian empire--power, and population--Liby-Phoenicians......Page 573
Harsh dealing of Carthage towards her subjects. Colonies sent out from Carthage......Page 577
Military force of Carthage......Page 579
Political constitution of Carthage......Page 581
Oligarchical system and sentiment at Carthage......Page 583
Powerful families at Carthage--Mago, Hamilkar, Hasdrubal......Page 585
Quarrel between Egesta and Selinus in Sicily......Page 586
Application of Egesta to Carthage for aid--application granted--eagerness of Hannibal......Page 587
Carthaginian envoys sent to Sicily--neutrality of Syracuse......Page 589
Confidence of the Selinuntines--they are defeated by the Egestæans and Carthaginians......Page 590
Measures of Selinus--promise of aid from Syracuse--large preparations of Hannibal......Page 591
Hannibal crosses over to Sicily with a very large armament. He lays siege to Selinus......Page 592
Vigorous assault on Selinus--gallant resistance--the town is at length stormed......Page 594
Selinus is sacked and plundered--merciless slaughter......Page 596
Delay of the Syracusans and others in sending aid. Answer of Hannibal to their embassy......Page 597
Hannibal marches to Himera and besieges it. Aid from Syracuse under Diokles--sally from Himera against the besiegers--victory of Hannibal......Page 599
Syracusan squadron--resolution taken to abandon Himera......Page 601
Partial evacuation of Himera--resistance still continued: the town is at length stormed and captured......Page 602
Hannibal destroys Himera, and slaughters 3000 prisoners, as an expiation to the memory of his grandfather......Page 604
Alarm throughout the Greeks of Sicily--Hannibal dismisses his army, and returns to Carthage......Page 605
New intestine discord in Syracuse--Hermokrates comes to Sicily......Page 607
He levies troops to effect his return by force......Page 608
He is obliged to retire--he establishes himself in the ruins of Selinus, and acts against the Carthaginians......Page 609
His farther attempts to re-enter Syracuse, with the bones of the Syracusans slain near Himera. Banishment of Diokles......Page 610
Hermokrates tries again to penetrate into Syracuse with an armed force. He is defeated and slain......Page 612
First appearance of Dionysius at Syracuse......Page 614
Fresh invasion of Sicily by the Carthaginians. Immense host under Hannibal and Imilkon......Page 616
Great alarm in Sicily--active preparations for defence at Agrigentum......Page 617
Grandeur, wealth, and population of Agrigentum......Page 618
The Carthaginians attack Agrigentum. They demolish the tombs near its walls. Distemper among their army. Religious terrors--sacrifice......Page 621
Syracusan reinforcement to Agrigentum, under Daphnæus. His victory over the Iberians. He declines to pursue them. The Agrigentine generals also decline to attack them in the retreat......Page 623
Daphnæus enters Agrigentum. Discontent against the Agrigentine generals, for having been backward in attack. They are put to death......Page 624
Privations in both armies--Hamilkar captures the provision-ships of the Syracusans--Agrigentum is evacuated......Page 625
Agrigentum taken and plundered by the Carthaginians......Page 627
Terror throughout Sicily......Page 629
Bitter complaints against the Syracusan generals......Page 630
The Hermokratean party at Syracuse comes forward to subvert the government and elevate Dionysius......Page 631
Harangue of Dionysius in the Syracusan assembly against the generals, who are deposed by vote of the people, and Dionysius with others appointed in their room......Page 633
Ambitious arts of Dionysius--he intrigues against his colleagues, and frustrates all their proceedings. He procures a vote for restoring the Hermokratean exiles......Page 636
Dionysius is sent with a Syracusan reinforcement to Gela. He procures the execution or banishment of the Geloan oligarchy......Page 639
He returns to Syracuse with an increased force--he accuses his colleagues of gross treason......Page 641
Dionysius is named general, single-handed, with full powers......Page 642
Apparent repentance of the people after the vote. Stratagem of Dionysius to obtain a vote ensuring to him a body of paid guards......Page 643
March of Dionysius to Leontini......Page 645
A vote is taken there, whereby a body of guards are assigned to him......Page 646
Dionysius establishes himself at Syracuse as despot......Page 648
Dionysius as despot--the means whereby he attained the power......Page 649
Imilkon with the Carthaginian army marches from Agrigentum to attack Gela......Page 652
Brave defence of the Geloans--Dionysius arrives with an army to relieve them......Page 653
Plan of Dionysius for a general attack on the Carthaginian army......Page 654
He is defeated and obliged to retreat......Page 655
He evacuates Gela and Kamarina--flight of the population of both places, which are taken and sacked by the Carthaginians......Page 656
Indignation and charges of treachery against Dionysius......Page 658
Mutiny of the Syracusan horsemen--they ride off to Syracuse, and declare against Dionysius......Page 659
Their imprudence--they are surprised and overpowered by the rapid return of Dionysius......Page 661
Dionysius master of Syracuse......Page 663
Propositions of peace come from Imilkon. Terms of peace......Page 664
Collusion of Dionysius with the Carthaginians, who confirm his dominion over Syracuse. Pestilence in the Carthaginian army......Page 665
Near coincidence in time, of this peace, with the victory of Lysander at Ægospotami--sympathy of Sparta with Dionysius......Page 667
Strong position of Dionysius......Page 668
Strong fortifications and other buildings erected by Dionysius, in and about Ortygia......Page 669
He assigns houses in Ortygia to his soldiers and partisans--he distributes the lands of Syracuse anew......Page 670
Exorbitant exactions of Dionysius--discontent at Syracuse......Page 673
Dionysius marches out of Syracuse against the Sikels--mutiny of the Syracusan soldiers at Herbesa--Dorikus the commander is slain......Page 674
The Syracusan insurgents, with assistance from Rhegium and Messênê, besiege Dionysius in Ortygia......Page 675
Despair of Dionysius--he applies to a body of Campanians in the Carthaginian service, for aid......Page 676
He amuses the assailants with feigned submission--arrival of the Campanians--victory of Dionysius......Page 678
Dionysius strengthens his despotism more than before--assistance lent to him by the Spartan Aristus--Nikoteles the Corinthian is put to death......Page 680
He disarms the Syracusan citizens--strengthens the fortifications of Ortygia--augments his mercenary force......Page 681
Dionysius conquers Naxus, Katana, and Leontini......Page 682
Locality of Syracuse--danger to which the town had been exposed, in the Athenian siege......Page 685
Additional fortifications made by Dionysius along the northern ridge of the cliffs of Epipolæ, up to the Euryalusæsa by Archonides......Page 688
Popularity of the work--efforts made by all the Syracusans as well as by Dionysius himself......Page 689
Improvement in the behaviour of Dionysius towards the Syracusans......Page 691
His conciliatory offers to other Grecian cities in Sicily. Hostile sentiment of the Rhegines towards him. Their application to Messênê......Page 693
He makes peace with Messênê and Rhegium. He desires to marry a Rhegine wife. His proposition is declined by the city. He is greatly incensed......Page 695
He makes a proposition to marry a wife from Lokri--his wish is granted--he marries a Lokrian maiden named Doris......Page 696
Immense warlike equipment of Dionysius at Syracuse--arms, engines, &c.......Page 697
Naval preparations in the harbour of Syracuse. Enlargement of the bulk of ships of war--quadriremes and quinqueremes......Page 699
General sympathy of the Syracusans in his projects against Carthage......Page 700
He hires soldiers from all quarters......Page 701
He celebrates his nuptials with two wives on the same day--Doris and Aristomachê. Temporary good feeling at Syracuse towards him......Page 702
He convokes the Syracusan assembly, and exhorts them to war against Carthage......Page 703
He grants permission to plunder the Carthaginian residents and ships at Syracuse. Alarm at Carthage--suffering in Africa from the pestilence......Page 704
Dionysius marches out from Syracuse with a prodigious army against the Carthaginians in Sicily......Page 706
Insurrection against Carthage, among the Sicilian Greeks subject to her. Terrible tortures inflicted on the Carthaginians......Page 707
Situation of Motyê--operations of the siege--vigorous defence......Page 708
Dionysius overruns the neighbouring dependencies of Carthage--doubtful result of the siege of Motyê--appearance of Imilkon with a Carthaginian fleet--he is obliged to return......Page 709
Desperate defence of Motyê. It is at length taken by a nocturnal attack......Page 712
Plunder of Motyê--the inhabitants either slaughtered or sold for slaves......Page 714
Parther operations of Dionysius......Page 715
Arrival of Imilkon with a Carthaginian armament--his successful operations--he retakes Motyê......Page 716
Dionysius retires to Syracuse......Page 717
Imilkon captures Messênê......Page 718
Revolt of the Sikels from Dionysius. Commencement of Tauromenium......Page 720
Provisions of Dionysius for the defence of Syracuse--he strengthens Leontini--he advances to Katana with his land-army as well as his fleet......Page 721
Naval battle off Katana--great victory of the Carthaginian fleet under Magon......Page 723
Arrival of Imilkon to join the fleet of Magon near Katana--fruitless invitation to the Campanians of Ætna......Page 725
Dionysius retreats to Syracuse--discontent of his army......Page 726
Imilkon marches close up to Syracuse--the Carthaginian fleet come up to occupy the Great Harbour--their imposing entry. Fortified position of Imilkon near the Harbour......Page 728
Imilkon plunders the suburb of Achradina--blockades Syracuse by sea......Page 729
Naval victory gained by the Syracusan fleet during the absence of Dionysius......Page 731
Public meeting convened by Dionysius--mutinous spirit against him--vehement speech by Theodoras......Page 732
The Spartan Pharakidas upholds Dionysius--who finally dismisses the assembly, and silences the adverse movement......Page 736
Alliance of Sparta with Dionysius--suitable to her general policy at the time. The emancipation of Syracuse depended upon Pharakidas......Page 738
Terrific pestilence among the Carthaginian army before Syracuse......Page 739
Dionysius attacks the Carthaginian camp. He deliberately sacrifices a detachment of his mercenaries......Page 740
Success of Dionysius, both by sea and by land, against the Syracusan position......Page 742
Conflagration of the Carthaginian camp--exultation at Syracuse......Page 743
Imilkon concludes a secret treaty with Dionysius, to be allowed to escape with the Carthaginians, on condition of abandoning his remaining army......Page 744
Destruction of the remaining Carthaginian army, except Sikels and Iberians......Page 745
Distress at Carthage--miserable end of Imilkon......Page 746
Danger of Carthage--anger and revolt of her African subjects--at length put down......Page 747
MAPS ANNEXED TO VOL. X.......Page 750