A history and philosophy of sport and physical education : from ancient civilizations to the modern world

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Table of Content......Page 4
Preface......Page 12
SECTION I  Ancient Civilizations......Page 14
CHAPTER 1 History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education......Page 15
Definitions......Page 17
“Doing” History......Page 20
Interpretive Versus Descriptive History......Page 22
Modernization......Page 23
Metaphysics......Page 24
Philosophical Processes......Page 25
Basic Philosophical Terms......Page 26
Metaphysics and Ontology......Page 27
Epistemology......Page 28
The Mind–Body Relationship......Page 29
Philosophies of the Modern World......Page 30
Summary......Page 35
Internet Resources......Page 36
Notes......Page 37
CHAPTER 2 Sumer, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica......Page 40
Introduction......Page 41
Sumer......Page 43
Egypt......Page 46
China......Page 50
Mesoamerica......Page 52
Summary......Page 55
Internet Resources......Page 56
Notes......Page 57
CHAPTER 3 Greece......Page 59
Introduction......Page 60
The Influence of the Jews and the Phoenicians upon Greek Culture......Page 61
Dualism......Page 63
Socrates’ and Plato’s View of the Body......Page 64
Socrates’ and Plato’s View of Physical Education......Page 66
Education Through the Physical Versus Education of the Physical......Page 68
Historical Foundations of Sport and Physical Education......Page 70
Arete and Agon......Page 71
The Iliad and The Odyssey—The Story of Troy......Page 72
Funeral Games......Page 74
Some Historical Perspectives on the Development of Greek Sport......Page 75
Two Views on Physical Education......Page 77
Athenian Physical Education......Page 79
Athletic Participation of Greek Women......Page 80
The Ancient Olympic Games......Page 81
Discussion Questions......Page 88
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 89
Notes......Page 90
CHAPTER 4 Rome......Page 92
Introduction......Page 93
The Etruscans......Page 94
Nero......Page 97
Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Greeks and Romans......Page 98
Philosophical Orientation......Page 99
The Epicureans......Page 100
Sport and Physical Education......Page 101
Claudius Galen......Page 102
Greek Athletics......Page 103
Women and Sport......Page 104
Games and Spectacles......Page 105
Sport and Christianity......Page 113
Sport and Judaism: King Herod’s Greek and Roman Spectacles in Jerusalem......Page 114
The Hippodrome of Constantinople......Page 115
Summary......Page 116
Discussion Questions......Page 117
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 118
Notes......Page 119
SECTION II From the Spiritual World to the Secular World: Changing Concepts of the Body......Page 122
CHAPTER 5 Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900–1400......Page 123
The Impact of Christianity......Page 124
Christianity and Greek Philosophy......Page 126
Philosophical Views of the Body in the Middle Ages......Page 127
The Body and Physical Fitness According to St. Thomas Aquinas......Page 129
Holidays and Ball Games......Page 130
Rugged Ball Games, Equestrian Events, and English Football......Page 131
Medieval Social Structure: Knights, Nobles, and Worthy Pursuits......Page 132
Medieval Tournaments......Page 133
Hawking, Hunting, and Other Pastimes......Page 134
Medieval Concepts of Health and Hygiene: Galen Revisited......Page 135
Summary......Page 136
Internet Resources......Page 137
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 138
Notes......Page 139
CHAPTER 6 The Renaissance and the Reformation: 1300–1600......Page 140
Cultural Changes of the Renaissance......Page 141
The Reformation......Page 143
The Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance......Page 144
Vittorino da Feltre......Page 146
Baldassare Castiglione......Page 148
The Philosophers and Educators of the Reformation......Page 149
Desiderius Erasmus......Page 151
Martin Luther......Page 152
John Calvin......Page 153
Thomas Elyot......Page 155
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo......Page 156
Summary......Page 157
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 158
Notes......Page 159
CHAPTER 7 The Age of Science and the Enlightenment: 1560–1789......Page 160
The Age of Science: 1560–1688......Page 161
Galileo Galilei......Page 164
Francis Bacon......Page 165
The Philosophers......Page 166
Thomas Hobbes......Page 167
René Descartes......Page 168
George Berkeley......Page 169
François Rabelais......Page 170
Michel de Montaigne......Page 171
John Locke......Page 172
The Philosophes and Physical Educators......Page 173
Jean-Jacques Rousseau......Page 174
Johann Bernhard Basedow......Page 177
Johann Friedrich GutsMuths......Page 178
Discussion Questions......Page 179
Notes......Page 180
CHAPTER 8 Philosophical Positions of the Body and the Development of Physical Education: Contributions of the Germans, Swedes, and Danes in Nineteenth-Century Europe......Page 182
Idealism......Page 183
Knowledge......Page 184
Immanuel Kant......Page 185
Georg Hegel......Page 188
The Application of Idealism to Physical Education......Page 189
Objectives......Page 190
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi......Page 191
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel......Page 193
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn......Page 194
Francis Lieber......Page 199
Franz Nachtegall......Page 200
Per Henrik Ling......Page 202
Discussion Questions......Page 204
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 205
Notes......Page 206
SECTION III The Historical and Philosophical Development of Sport and Physical Education in America......Page 208
Introduction......Page 209
Sport in England: A Tale of Two Cultures......Page 210
Sport in New England: The Puritans......Page 212
Sport in the Mid-Atlantic Region......Page 214
Sport in the South......Page 215
Summary......Page 217
Internet Resources......Page 218
Notes......Page 219
CHAPTER 10 Changing Concepts of the Body......Page 220
Introduction......Page 221
Nineteenth-Century American Philosophy: Transcendentalism and Pragmatism......Page 222
Henry David Thoreau......Page 223
The Influence of Charles Darwin......Page 224
The Pragmatists......Page 225
William James......Page 226
Religion as an Argument for Sport......Page 227
Other Arguments That Justified Sport Participation......Page 228
Development of Sport in the Nineteenth......Page 229
Horse and Harness Racing......Page 231
Cycling: The Story of Marshall W. “Major” Taylor......Page 234
Ball Games: Cricket, Baseball, and Football......Page 236
“Amateur” Sports......Page 241
Summary......Page 243
Internet Resources......Page 244
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 245
Notes......Page 246
CHAPTER 11 The Impact of Science and the Concept of Health on the Theoretical and Professional Development of Physical Education: 1885–1930......Page 248
Introduction......Page 249
Social and Institutional Change in Nineteenth-Century America......Page 250
The Theoretical Basis of American Physical Education......Page 252
Biological and Philosophical Issues 241......Page 254
The Disease—Neurasthenia; The Cure—Exercise!......Page 256
Women: Mothers of the Race......Page 257
The Golden Age of Anthropometric Measurement: 1885–1900......Page 259
Defining the Scope of the Discipline......Page 261
The Contributions of German Gymnastics, Dio Lewis, and the Swedish System to Teacher Training......Page 262
Physical Education the American Way......Page 263
A Changing Profession......Page 264
The Professional Preparation of Teachers......Page 265
Summary......Page 269
Internet Resources......Page 270
Notes......Page 271
CHAPTER 12 The Transformation of Physical Education: 1900–1939......Page 274
The Transformation of Physical Education and the Adoption of Sports Programs......Page 275
The Development of Play Theory: 1900–1915......Page 278
G. Stanley Hall......Page 279
Advocates and Adversaries: The Promotion of Play......Page 280
Play Versus Gymnastics......Page 281
Play in Physical Education: 1900–1915......Page 282
Components and Goals of Physical Education......Page 283
Physical Education Literature in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 284
The Relationship Between Physical Ability and Mental Ability......Page 285
Physical Fitness Assessment......Page 286
Summary......Page 287
Internet Resources......Page 288
Notes......Page 289
SECTION IV The American Approach to and Physical Education in Twentieth Century 279......Page 292
Prolog: World War II......Page 293
Sport and Physical Education During World War II......Page 294
Post World War II......Page 295
The Conant Report......Page 296
A New Era......Page 297
Discussion Questions......Page 298
Notes......Page 299
CHAPTER 14 Sport in the Twentieth Century......Page 300
Introduction......Page 301
Endurance Sports......Page 302
College Football......Page 304
Professional Football......Page 307
Basketball......Page 309
Boxing......Page 311
Volleyball......Page 312
Women and Sport......Page 313
Summary......Page 318
Internet Resources......Page 319
Notes......Page 320
SECTIONA V Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games......Page 322
CHAPTER 15 Pioneers and Progress: 1896–1936......Page 323
Introduction......Page 324
The Architects of the Modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes and Baron Pierre de Coubertin......Page 325
The Ist Olympiad: Athens, 1896......Page 329
The IInd Olympiad: Paris, 1900......Page 331
The IIIrd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904......Page 332
The IVth Olympiad: London, 1908......Page 334
The Vth Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912......Page 336
The VIIth Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920......Page 339
The VIIIth Olympiad: Paris, 1924......Page 341
The Ist Winter Olympics: Chamonix, 1924......Page 342
The IXth Olympiad: Amsterdam, 1928......Page 343
The Issue of Amateurism......Page 344
The Xth Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932......Page 345
The Political Nature of the Olympic Games......Page 346
Sport and Physical Education in Nazi Germany......Page 347
Summary......Page 352
Internet Resources......Page 353
Notes......Page 354
CHAPTER 16 The Cold War Olympics: 1948–1988......Page 356
Introduction......Page 358
The Political Atmosphere......Page 359
Notables......Page 361
The Political Atmosphere......Page 362
A Cold War of Sports......Page 364
A Propaganda War......Page 365
The VIth Winter Olympics: Oslo, 1952......Page 366
The Political Atmosphere......Page 367
The Aussie Olympics......Page 368
Olympic Boycott......Page 369
Notables......Page 370
The Political Atmosphere......Page 371
East Versus West......Page 372
Notables......Page 374
The XVIIIth Olympiad: Tokyo, 1964......Page 375
Olympic Politics......Page 376
Notables......Page 378
The XIXth Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968......Page 379
Student Demonstrations......Page 380
Olympic Politics......Page 381
The XXth Olympiad: Munich, 1972......Page 383
The XIth Winter Olympics: Sapporo, 1972......Page 388
The Taiwan Issue......Page 389
The Boycott......Page 391
Political Defections and Propaganda......Page 392
Notables......Page 393
The XIIth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck,......Page 394
What Led to the U.S. Boycott? The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan......Page 395
Athletes as Political Pawns......Page 397
Presidential Pressure and Promises......Page 398
Notables......Page 399
The XIIIth Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1980......Page 400
The Political Atmosphere......Page 401
What Goes Around, Comes Around: The Soviet Boycott of the XXIIIrd Olympiad......Page 402
Notables......Page 403
The XXIVth Olympiad: Seoul, 1988......Page 404
NBC Versus South Korea......Page 405
Notables......Page 406
Economics......Page 407
Notables......Page 408
Discussion Questions......Page 409
Notes......Page 410
CHAPTER 17 After the Cold War: 2008–2012......Page 414
Introduction......Page 415
A Renewed Olympic Spirit......Page 416
Notables......Page 417
Atmosphere......Page 418
Atmosphere......Page 419
Notables......Page 420
The Torch Relay......Page 421
Commercialization......Page 422
Drugs......Page 423
Notables......Page 424
The XVIIIth Winter Olympics: Nagano, 1998......Page 426
Notables......Page 427
Scandals and Ill-Gotten Gains......Page 428
The XXVIIth Olympiad: Sydney, 2000......Page 429
Social Protests......Page 430
The Tape-Delayed Olympics—Thank You, NBC!......Page 432
Economics and Attendant Social Issues......Page 433
Doping......Page 436
Notables......Page 437
The Political Atmosphere......Page 438
Drugs......Page 440
Philosophical Concerns and Legal Interpretations......Page 441
Notables......Page 442
The Political Atmosphere......Page 444
Logistics and Security Concerns......Page 446
Notables......Page 448
The Political Atmosphere......Page 451
Notables......Page 453
Human Rights and Social Justice Concerns......Page 454
Politics and War......Page 455
Olympic Politics......Page 456
The Cold War Returns......Page 458
Notables......Page 459
Epilogue......Page 461
The Political Atmosphere......Page 462
Notables......Page 463
Summary......Page 469
Internet Resources......Page 470
Notes......Page 471
Credits......Page 474
Index......Page 476
Back Cover......Page 498