A Guide to the World Anti-Doping Code: A Fight for the Spirit of Sport

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 5
ISBN 13 9780521873000......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 8
Table of Cases......Page 9
Introduction......Page 15
Adoption of the Code......Page 16
The Code and the International Standards......Page 17
Other methods of regulation......Page 19
Liaison with State authorities......Page 20
The need for consistency......Page 21
Outline of the book......Page 22
The sources of law in relation to the interpretation of the Code......Page 24
OMADC......Page 27
Different approaches......Page 28
Court challenges......Page 29
Criminal law: principles generally inapplicable......Page 30
The role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport......Page 31
CAS Rules......Page 32
Independence of CAS......Page 33
General rules......Page 34
Appeal arbitrations – special provisions......Page 35
The CAS ad hoc jurisdiction......Page 37
Substantive law governing dispute on appeal......Page 38
The key principles developed by CAS in doping matters before the Code......Page 39
Strict liability: rationale and need for clear rules......Page 42
PreCode CAS awards: strict liability justification for disqualification: flexibility in fixed sanctions?......Page 44
PreCode CAS awards: CAS reviewing fixed sanctions in antidoping policies......Page 46
Different approaches by CAS Panels to discretion in relation to fixed sanctions......Page 48
Illustrations: different outcomes......Page 50
Purpose......Page 54
The parts of the Code......Page 55
Acceptance by Signatories......Page 56
On appeals......Page 60
Agreement to investigation powers......Page 61
Effect of agreement to the jurisdiction of CAS: CAS Code of Sports Related Procedure and time limits applicable......Page 62
The possibility of differences at national and international level where Code not adopted or not properly applied at national level......Page 63
General international support: the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport......Page 64
The Convention: summary......Page 65
The role of International Standards......Page 67
The Prohibited List......Page 69
Review of the Prohibited List......Page 70
How is a substance or method included in the List?......Page 71
What does the List include?......Page 72
Similar substances......Page 73
Specified substances......Page 74
CAS 2005/A/726, Calle Williams v. IOC......Page 75
CAS 2002/A/376, Baxter v. IOC......Page 76
General scientific challenges to test results......Page 77
Prohibited substances which occur naturally in the body......Page 78
Steroids......Page 79
Testosterone......Page 80
TUE Standard: general......Page 82
The TUE Standard in more detail......Page 83
Criteria for grant of TUE......Page 84
The application of the criteria......Page 85
Retroactive TUE applications......Page 86
The IST in more detail......Page 88
The ISL......Page 91
The presumption in favour of WADA laboratories......Page 94
Scientific tests......Page 95
Interpreting and applying the Code......Page 97
The purpose of the Code......Page 100
The international approach to interpretation......Page 101
Central role of CAS in interpretation......Page 102
Investigations into other violations......Page 104
The investigation and proof of ‘nonanalytical positive’ violations......Page 105
An example of the proof of a range of violations arising as a result of material found after a search by State authorities3......Page 107
Who can commit antidoping rule violations?......Page 113
Article 2.1: presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete's bodily specimen......Page 114
Elements of violation......Page 115
Detection of prohibited substances......Page 116
Possible defences......Page 118
Areas of nonscientific challenge to testing and analytical processes......Page 119
'B' sample rights......Page 120
Article 2.2: use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method......Page 124
Intent......Page 125
Impossibility......Page 126
Use of prohibited methods......Page 127
Article 2.3: refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to submit to sample collection after notification as…......Page 128
Compelling justification......Page 129
Illustrations......Page 130
Article 2.4: violation of applicable requirements regarding athlete availability for outof competition testing including failure to provide required…......Page 133
Illustrations......Page 135
Article 2.5: tampering or attempting to tamper, with any part of doping control......Page 136
Illustrations of manipulation as a prohibited method established by drawing inferences: preCode CAS awards......Page 137
Article 2.6: possession of prohibited substances and methods......Page 139
Article 2.7: trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method......Page 144
General approach to consideration of violations......Page 145
Limitation......Page 146
Burden on the antidoping organisation......Page 147
Burden on the athlete......Page 148
For the antidoping organisation......Page 149
The evidence which can be admitted in a hearing......Page 150
Admissions......Page 151
Silence in the face of allegations......Page 152
The burden and standard of proof in action......Page 153
CAS 2004/A/651, French v. Australian Sports Commission & Cycling Australia......Page 154
USADA v. Montgomery and USADA v. Gaines......Page 155
AAA No. 30 190 00658 04, USADA v. Collins......Page 156
Article 15: clarification of doping control responsibilities......Page 159
Testing incompetition at events......Page 160
Testing outofcompetition......Page 161
Investigations into antidoping rule violations other than doping......Page 162
Article 7: the results management proces......Page 163
Results management for other antidoping violations......Page 164
Article 7.5: provisional suspensions......Page 167
Article 14: reporting and confidentiality......Page 168
Article 14.2: public disclosure before final hearing......Page 169
Public reporting after decision......Page 170
Mutual recognition......Page 172
Fairness and due process......Page 173
The powers on appeal: curing defects in process below......Page 175
Impartiality......Page 176
CAS at first instance......Page 178
8 Sanctions for antidoping rule violations: Articles 9 and 10 of the Code......Page 179
The concept of proportionality......Page 182
Strict liability: loss of result, medal......Page 183
Article 10.1 Disqualification of further results......Page 184
Article 10.2: the periods of ineligibility, general approach......Page 185
The periods of ineligibility......Page 186
Article 10.3: specified substances......Page 187
Article 10.5.1: no fault or negligence, potential availability......Page 189
The Notes to Article 10.5.1......Page 190
Decisions under Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2......Page 191
Main principles for application of Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2......Page 192
The burden of showing how the prohibited substances came to be in the athlete’s body......Page 195
Consideration of no fault, no significant fault or negligence claims......Page 196
Proportionality......Page 198
Careless taking of supplements......Page 199
Reductions for no significant fault......Page 200
Reduction for no significant fault......Page 201
A continuing (limited) role for the principle of proportionality?......Page 203
No significant fault......Page 207
Article 10.5.3: substantial assistance......Page 211
Multiple violations: is there a second violation?......Page 212
American Arbitration Association North American Court of Arbitration for Sport Panel......Page 213
Commencement of period of ineligibility......Page 216
Article 11: consequences to teams......Page 217
The reallocation of results and medals......Page 218
The question of construction......Page 219
Nature of the process: challenges beyond the Code......Page 222
Position of CAS in appeal structure......Page 224
Decisions which are capable of being appealed......Page 225
Other appeals......Page 226
CAS 2007/A/1283, WADA v. ASADA, AWF and Karapetyn......Page 227
Parties entitled to appeal......Page 229
WADA appeals......Page 230
CAS approach to appeals......Page 231
Possible developments......Page 232
Challenges to antidoping regimes before the Code......Page 233
The Code and fundamental rights......Page 234
Challenges to CAS awards: general principles......Page 235
Grounds to set aside an award......Page 236
Challenges to the Swiss Federal Supreme Court......Page 237
Results on challenges......Page 239
Application of EC law to doping regimes......Page 241
Common law doctrine of restraint of trade and antidoping regimes......Page 243
Possible civil claims outside CAS and the Code......Page 249
Possible civil claims: early consideration of claim for compensation by CAS......Page 250
Amendments to the sanctions regime in the Code......Page 254
Proposed changes to the sanctions regime......Page 255
Article 10.4: broadening the category of specified substances......Page 256
The continuing role of Articles 10.5.1 and 10.5.2......Page 257
Assistance for antidoping organisations: amended Article 10.5.3......Page 258
Admissions where the admission is the only evidence: amended Article 10.5.4......Page 259
New Article 10.6: aggravating circumstances which may increase the period of ineligibility......Page 260
Prompt admission: effect on Article 10.6.2 and period of ineligibility......Page 261
Summary of effect of amendments to Articles on sanctions......Page 262
Further amendments......Page 265
Violation for breach of ineligibility order......Page 266
Appeals......Page 267
Whereabouts information......Page 268
Possible effects of the amended Code......Page 269
Index......Page 271