A guide to old English

Foreword to the Eighth Edition vi   Map of Anglo-Saxon England vii    Abbreviations and Symbols xv    How to Use this Guide 1    PART ONE.    1 Preliminary Remarks on the Language (  1   4) 11    2 Orthography and Pronunciation (  5   9) 13    i Orthography ( 5) 13    ii Stress ( 6) 13    iii Vowels ( 7) 14    iv Diphthongs ( 8) 14    v Consonants ( 9) 15    3 Inflexions (  10   135) 17    Introduction (  10   14) 17    i Pronouns (  15   21) 18    ii Nouns and Sound-Changes Relevant to Them (  22   62) 20    Weak Nouns (  22   25) 20    Some Technical Terms (  26   32) 20    Strong Nouns like stan (masc.) and scip (neut.) (  33   44) 22    Masculine and Neuter Nouns in -e (  45   46) 26    Strong Feminine Nouns (  47   51) 27    i-Mutation (  52   57) 28    Nouns Affected by i-Mutation (  58   60) 29    u-Nouns (  61   62) 30    iii Adjectives (  63   76) 31    Introduction (  63   64) 31    Weak Declension ( 65) 31    Strong Declension (  66   67) 31    Stem Changes in Adjectives (  68   73) 32    Comparison of Adjectives (  74   76) 33    iv Observations on Noun, Adjective, and Pronoun    Declensions (  77   81) 34    v Numerals (  82   86) 34    vi Strong Verbs and Sound-Changes Relevant to    Them (  87   114) 35    Introduction (  87   89) 35    Principal Parts of the Strong Verbs (  90   95) 36    Breaking (  96   99) 38    Influence of Initial i, sc, h ( 100) 39    Influence of Nasals ( 101) 40    Summary of the Strong Verbs of Class III ( 102) 40    The Effects of Sound-Changes on Other Strong Verbs ( 103) 40    Strong Verbs of Class VII ( 104) 41    Grimm   s Law and Verner   s Law (  105   109) 41    Conjugation of the Strong Verb (  110   114) 43    vii Weak Verbs and Sound-Changes Relevant to    Them (  115   126) 46    Introduction ( 115) 46    Class 1 (  116   123) 46    Class 2 (  124   125) 49    Class 3 ( 126) 50    viii Anomalous Verbs (  127   130) 51    Bbon ( 127) 51    Ddn and gan ( 128) 51    Willan ( 129) 52    Preterite-Present Verbs ( 130) 52    ix Is a Verb Strong or Weak? To which Class does it Belong? (  131   134) 53    x Adverbs ( 135) 54    Formation ( 135) 54    Comparison ( 135) 54    4 Word Formation (  136   138) 55    Introduction ( 136) 55    i Compounding ( 137) 56    ii The Addition of Affixes ( 138) 57    Prefixes ( 138) 58    Suffixes ( 138) 59    5 Syntax (  139   214) 61    Introduction (  139   142) 61    i Word-Order (  143   147) 63    ii Sentence Structure (  148   153) 66    Recapitulation and Anticipation ( 148) 66    The Splitting of Heavy Groups ( 149) 67    Correlation (  150   153) 68    iii Noun Clauses (  154   161) 70    Introduction ( 154) 70    Dependent Statements and Desires (  155   156) 70    Dependent Questions (  157   160) 72    The Accusative and Infinitive ( 161) 75    iv Adjective Clauses (  162   165) 75    Definite Adjective Clauses (  162   163) 75    Indefinite Adjective Clauses ( 164) 79    Mood ( 165) 80    v Adverb Clauses (  166   181) 81    Introduction (  166   167) 81    Non-Prepositional Conjunctions ( 168) 83    Prepositional Conjunctions (  169   171) 83    An Exercise in Analysis ( 172) 86    Clauses of Place ( 173) 87    Clauses of Time ( 174) 88    Clauses of Purpose and Result ( 175) 89    Causal Clauses ( 176) 89    Clauses of Comparison ( 177) 89    Clauses of Concession ( 178) 90    Clauses of Condition ( 179) 91    Adverb Clauses Expressing Other Relationships ( 180) 92    Other Ways of Expressing Adverbial Relationships ( 181) 93    vi Parataxis (  182   186) 93    Introduction (  182   183) 93    List of Conjunctions and Adverbs Commonly    Used ( 184) 94    Parataxis without Conjunctions ( 185) 96    Some Special Idioms ( 186) 96    vii Concord ( 187) 97    1. Nouns, Pronouns and their Modifiers ( 187) 97    2. Pronouns and their Antecedents ( 187) 97    3. Subject and Verb ( 187) 98    viii The Uses of the Cases (  188   192) 98    Nominative ( 188) 98    Accusative ( 189) 99    Genitive ( 190) 99    Dative ( 191) 99    Instrumental ( 192) 100    ix Articles, Pronouns, and Numerals (  193   194) 100    Articles and Pronouns ( 193) 100    Numerals ( 194) 101    x Verbs (  195   212) 101    The Uses of the Present and Preterite Tenses (  195   198) 101    The Resolved Tenses (  199   204) 103    Introduction ( 199) 103    The Verb 'to have' as an Auxiliary ( 200) 103    The Verb 'to be' as an Auxiliary of Tense ( 201) 104    The Passive (  202   203) 104    Other Uses of the Present and Past Participles ( 204) 105    The Uses of the Infinitives ( 205) 105    The 'Modal' Auxiliaries (  206   211) 106    Introduction ( 206) 106    Magan ( 207) 107    *Mdtan ( 208) 107    Cunnan ( 209) 108    *Sculan ( 210) 108    Willan ( 211) 108    Impersonal Verbs ( 212) 109    xi Prepositions (  213   214) 109    List of Prepositions ( 214) 110    6 An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Studies (  215   251) 111    i Some Significant Dates (  215   216) 111    ii History (  217   218) 111    iii Archaeology (  219   230) 117    Introduction ( 219) 117    List of Abbreviated Titles ( 220) 118    Weapons and Warfare ( 221) 120    Life and Dress ( 222) 120    Architecture and Buildings (  223   224) 121    Sculpture and Carving ( 225) 122    Jewellery and Metalwork ( 226) 123    Embroidery ( 227) 123    Coins ( 228) 124    Manuscripts and Runic Inscriptions ( 229) 124    The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial ( 230) 124    iv Language (  231   235) 125    Changes in English ( 231) 125    The Danish Invasions ( 232) 126    The Norman Conquest ( 233) 127    Vocabulary ( 234) 127    Some Questions ( 235) 128    v Literature (  236   251) 128    Introduction (  236   246) 128    Poetry (  247   249) 134    Prose (  250   251) 135    7 Select Bibliography (  252   269) 137    General ( 252) 137    Chapter 1 Preliminary Remarks on the Language ( 253) 137    Chapter 2 Orthography and Pronunciation ( 254) 138    Chapter 3 Inflexions ( 254) 138    Chapter 4 Word Formation ( 255) 138    Chapter 5 Syntax ( 256) 138    Chapter 6 Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Studies (  257   269) 139    History ( 257) 139    Archaeology ( 258) 139    Language (  259   261) 140    History of English Prose ( 259) 140    Vocabulary (  260   261) 140    Word Formation 140    Changes of Meaning ( 260) 140    Borrowings ( 261) 140    Literature (  262   269) 141    Topics Raised in   236   246 ( 262) 141    General Criticism ( 263) 141    Poetry Texts ( 264) 141    Appreciation of the Poetry ( 265) 143    The Use of Oral Formulae ( 266) 143    Metre ( 267) 143    Prose Texts ( 268) 144    Sources ( 269) 144    Appendix A Strong Verbs 146    Appendix B Some Effects of i-Mutation 154    Appendix C Metre 156    Appendix D List of Linguistic Terms Used in this Book 163    Appendix E The Moods of Old English 174    Appendix F Grimm's and Verner   s Laws 175    PART TWO: PROSE AND VERSE TEXTS.    1 Practice Sentences 179    2 Two Old Testament Pieces 181    The Fall of Man 182    Abraham and Isaac 186    3 A Colloquy on the Occupations 190    4 Two Characteristic Prose Works by Aelfric 198    Preface to Genesis 198    St. Edmund, King and Martyr 203    5 Alfred the Great   s Preface to his Translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care 212    6 Cynewulf and Cyneheard 216    7 Selections from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 220    8 Bede's Account of the Conversion of King Edwin 224    9 Bede's Account of the Poet Caedmon 228    10 The Goths and Boethius: Prose and Verse from the Introduction to King Alfred's Boethius Translation 234    11 (a)   (p) Riddles 239    12 The Battle of Maldon 249    13 The Ruin 261    14 The Dream of the Rood 264    15 The Wife   s Lament 272    16 The Wanderer 276    17 The Seafarer 284    18 Four excerpts from Beowulf 291    Prologue 294    (a) Beowulf   s Fight with Grendel 296    (b) Beowulf Consoles Hrothgar for Aeschere's Death 303    (c) The Lament of the Last Survivor 306    (d) Beowulf   s Funeral 307    19 Wulf and Eadwacer 309    20 Judith 312    21 Cotton Gnomes or Maxims 325    22 Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 329    Glossary 337    Indexes to Part One 418    Index of Subjects 418    Index of Words 422