A grammar of Ulwa (Papua New Guinea)

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Ulwa: The language context
	1.1 The environment
	1.2 The four villages
	1.3 The people
	1.4 Relationships with neighboring villages
	1.5 Borrowing
	1.6 Dialects
	1.7 Language vitality
		1.7.1 UNESCO’s nine factors
		1.7.2 LEI
		1.7.3 EGIDS
	1.8 Classification
		1.8.1 Papuan languages
		1.8.2 The West Keram family (Ulmapo family)
		1.8.3 The Keram family
		1.8.4 The Keram-Ramu family
		1.8.5 Evidence for broader genealogical affiliations?
	1.9 Typological overview
		1.9.1 Phonetics and phonology
		1.9.2 Morphology and word classes
		1.9.3 Word order and syntax
2 The present description
	2.1 Previous research on the language
	2.2 The name of the language
	2.3 Sources and data
	2.4 Recordings
	2.5 Orthography
	2.6 Presentation of examples
	2.7 Organization of this book
3 A grammatical overview of Ulwa
	3.1 Phonology
	3.2 Morphophonology
	3.3 Nouns and noun phrases
	3.4 Verbs and verb phrases
	3.5 Adjectives
	3.6 Pronouns
	3.7 Determiners
	3.8 Postpositions
	3.9 Adverbs
	3.10 Negators
	3.11 Interrogative words
	3.12 Interjections
	3.13 Clause structure
	3.14 Non-verbal clauses
	3.15 Complex sentences
4 Phonetics and phonology
	4.1 Consonants
		4.1.1 Voiceless stops /p, t, k/
		4.1.2 Prenasalized voiced stops /mb, nd, ng/
		4.1.3 The prenasalized voiced palato-alveolar affricate /nj/
		4.1.4 Nasals /m, n/
		4.1.5 The liquid /l/
		4.1.6 The fricative /s/
		4.1.7 Glides /w, y/
		4.1.8 The glottal stop [ʔ]
	4.2 Vowels
		4.2.1 Monophthongs /a, e, i, o, u, ï/
		4.2.2 Diphthongs /aw, ay/
	4.3 Syllable structure
	4.4 Stress
	4.5 Morphophonemic processes
		4.5.1 Glide formation
		4.5.2 Monophthongization
		4.5.3 High vowel gliding
		4.5.4 Vowel elision before mid vowels
		4.5.5 Central vowel elision
		4.5.6 High central vowel assimilation
		4.5.7 Local vowel assimilation of /a/ to /o/
		4.5.8 Degemination
		4.5.9 Lexically determined alternations and rules
	4.6 Metathesis
	4.7 Phonetics and phonology of connected speech
5 Nouns
	5.1 Nominal inflection
	5.2 Derivational morphology: Nominalization
	5.3 Compound nouns
	5.4 Reduplication?
6 Verbs
	6.1 The verb stem
	6.2 Basic verbal morphology
	6.3 Irregular verbs and suppletion
	6.4 Imperfective aspect
	6.5 Perfective aspect
	6.6 Irrealis mood
	6.7 Imperative
	6.8 The double perfective
	6.9 The irrealis perfective
	6.10 The inchoative imperfective
	6.11 The speculative suffix -t ‘spec’
	6.12 The conditional suffix -ta ‘cond’
	6.13 Derivational morphology: Verbalization
	6.14 Compound verbs
7 Adjectives
	7.1 Attributive adjectives
	7.2 Predicative adjectives
	7.3 Substantive adjectives
	7.4 Relationship to other word classes
8 Pronouns
	8.1 Personal pronouns
	8.2 Possessive pronouns
	8.3 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
	8.4 Indefinite pronouns
	8.5 Interrogative pronouns
	8.6 Intensive pronouns
	8.7 Emphatic pronouns
	8.8 Topic-marker pronouns
	8.9 Affective pronouns
9 Determiners
	9.1 Subject markers
	9.2 Object markers (non-subject markers)
	9.3 Demonstratives
	9.4 Quantifiers
	9.5 Numerals
10 Other word classes
	10.1 Postpositions
	10.2 Adverbs
		10.2.1 Temporal adverbs
		10.2.2 Locative adverbs
		10.2.3 Adverbs of manner
		10.2.4 The epistemic adverb tap ‘maybe’
		10.2.5 Other modal and discourse adverbs
		10.2.6 Functional equivalents of adverbial constructions
	10.3 Other small classes
		10.3.1 Negators
		10.3.2 Interrogative words
		10.3.3 Interjections
11 Phrase-level syntax
	11.1 Noun phrases
		11.1.1 The head of the noun phrase
		11.1.2 Plural for dual
		11.1.3 Multiple adjectives
		11.1.4 Apposition
		11.1.5 Ways of indicating possession
		11.1.6 Noun phrases as clauses
	11.2 Verb phrases
		11.2.1 Separable verbs
		11.2.2 The verbs u- ‘put’, lï- ‘put’, and lumo- ‘put’
		11.2.3 The verb ka- ‘let’
	11.3 Other phrasal constructions
		11.3.1 Postpositional phrases
		11.3.2 Adjectival or adverbial phrases?
12 Predicates
	12.1 Locational predication
	12.2 Non-verbal predication
	12.3 The enclitic copula =p ‘cop’
	12.4 The past-tense locative verb wap ‘be.pst’
	12.5 Complex predicates
13 Clause-level syntax
	13.1 Basic constituent order
	13.2 Core argument alignment
	13.3 Ditransitive alignment
	13.4 Obliques
		13.4.1 The oblique marker =n ‘obl’
		13.4.2 The oblique marker as case marker
		13.4.3 Other oblique arguments
	13.5 Non-canonical argument structures
	13.6 Monoclausal sentences (simple sentences)
14 Complex sentences
	14.1 Coordination
		14.1.1 Coordination within phrases
		14.1.2 Coordination of clauses
		14.1.3 Other means of coordination
	14.2 Subordination
		14.2.1 The dependent marker -e ‘dep’
		14.2.2 Causal subordinate clauses
		14.2.3 Concessive subordinate clauses
		14.2.4 Temporal subordinate clauses
		14.2.5 Tail-head linkage
		14.2.6 Dependent markers for floor-holding
		14.2.7 Other means of subordination
	14.3 Relative clauses
		14.3.1 Nominalized verb phrases
		14.3.2 Paratactic relative clauses
	14.4 Clause chaining?
15 Additional topics in syntax
	15.1 Questions
		15.1.1 Polar questions (‘yes/no’ questions)
		15.1.2 Content questions (wh- questions)
		15.1.3 Multiple questions
		15.1.4 Rhetorical questions
	15.2 Commands and requests
		15.2.1 Irrealis for imperative
		15.2.2 The modal adverb kop ‘please’
		15.2.3 Conditionals used for requests
		15.2.4 Negative commands
	15.3 Negation
		15.3.1 Verbal negation
		15.3.2 Non-verbal negation
		15.3.3 Prohibitions
		15.3.4 Negative scope
		15.3.5 Negative responses
	15.4 Reported speech
		15.4.1 Intransitive uses of verbs of speaking
		15.4.2 Transitive uses of verbs of speaking
		15.4.3 Expressing the topic of speech
		15.4.4 Omission of verbs of speaking
		15.4.5 Indirect discourse
	15.5 Conditional sentences
	15.6 Counterfactual sentences
	15.7 Passive voice
	15.8 Valency reduction and decreased transitivity
		15.8.1 Transitivity classes of verbs
		15.8.2 The detransitivizing prefix na- ‘detr’
		15.8.3 The prefix na- ‘detr’ as middle voice marker
		15.8.4 The prefix na- ‘detr’ with the verbs ni- ‘act’ and ni- ‘die’
		15.8.5 The prefix na- ‘detr’ with locative verbs
		15.8.6 The prefix na- ‘detr’ for ‘become’
		15.8.7 The prefix na- ‘detr’ with object-marker proclitics
		15.8.8 Multiple na- ‘detr’ prefixes on a single verb
		15.8.9 Objects demoted by preverbal obliques
	15.9 Valency expansion?
		15.9.1 Causative constructions
		15.9.2 Causatives in indirect discourse
		15.9.3 Factitive constructions
		15.9.4 Permissive constructions
		15.9.5 Desiderative constructions
16 Topics in semantics
	16.1 Polysemy and homonymy
	16.2 Metaphor and metonymy
	16.3 Onomatopoeia
	16.4 Formulaic expressions, greetings, and farewells
	16.5 Color terms
	16.6 Body part terms
	16.7 Kinship terms
	16.8 Expressions of time
	16.9 Coinages
	16.10 Traditional names
	16.11 Toponyms
17 The structural consequences of language loss
	17.1 Lexical changes
	17.2 Phonological changes
	17.3 Morphological changes
	17.4 Syntactic changes
	17.5 Borrowed function words
	17.6 Detransitivization of loan verbs
18 Lexicon
	18.1 Ulwa-to-English wordlist
	18.2 English-to-Ulwa finder list
	18.3 List of bound morphemes
19 Texts
	19.1  Way Inom (‘The Mother of the Turtle’)
	19.2  Amblom Yena (‘The Woman Amblom’)
	19.3  Anmoka (‘Snakes’)
20 The Maruat-Dimiri-Yaul dialect of Ulwa
	20.1  Lexical similarity among the Ulwa dialects
	20.2  Sound changes
	20.3  Phonetics and phonology
	20.4  Morphology
	20.5  Syntax
	20.6  Loanwords and other lexical differences
	20.7  Yaul dialect wordlist
Appendix A: Swadesh 100-word list
Appendix B: Swadesh 200-word list
Appendix C: Standard SIL-PNG survey word list (190 items)
Appendix D: Glossary of Tok Pisin words
Appendix E: The Ulwa cosmogony
Appendix F: Laycock’s Yaul field notes
References
Index
	Name index
	Language index
	Subject index