A Grammar of Murui (Bue): A Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia

Acknowledgments
Orthographic conventions
1 The Murui language and its speakers
	1.1 Linguistic profile of Murui
	1.2 The People of the Centre cultural area
	1.3 Who are the ‘Murui’ people, and why are they referred to as ‘Witoto’
		1.3.1 Denomination
		1.3.2 Historical background
		1.3.3 Social organization
		1.3.4 Marriage customs and kinship terminology
		1.3.5 Beliefs, rituals, and customs
		1.3.6 Calendar
		1.3.7 Taboo
		1.3.8 Avoidance speech style
		1.3.9 Songs
		1.3.10 Murui drum communication
		1.3.11 Naming
	1.4 Linguistic affiliation
	1.5 Sociolinguistic situation
	1.6 Previous studies
	1.7 Basis for this study
		1.7.1 Materials and speakers
		1.7.2 Locations
2  Phonology
	2.1 Segmental phonology
		2.1.1 Consonants
		2.1.2 Vowels
		2.1.3 Vowel sequences and diphthongs
			2.1.3.1 Vowel sequences
			2.1.3.2  Diphthongs and underlying vowel sequences
			2.1.3.3 More on vowel sequences
	2.2 Syllable structure and stress
	2.3 Phonological word and phonological phrase
	2.4 Intonation and pitch
	2.5 General phonological processes
		2.5.1 Involving vowels
		2.5.2 Involving consonants
	2.6 Borrowings and adaptation of loanwords
		2.6.1 Spanish loanwords and their adaptation
		2.6.2 Cognate forms shared with neighboring languages
	2.7 Unusual sounds
		2.7.1 Onomatopoeic expressions
		2.7.2 Animal sounds
		2.7.3 Interjections
	2.8 Orthography
	2.9  Nonverbal communication and deictic gestures
3 Word classes
	3.1 Open word classes
		3.1.1 Nouns
		3.1.2 Verbs
		3.1.3 Adjectives
		3.1.4 Word class-changing and non-word class-changing derivations
	3.2 Semi-closed word classes
		3.2.1 Adverbs
		3.2.2 Time words
		3.2.3 Number words
	3.3 Closed word classes
		3.3.1 Quantifiers and intensifiers
		3.3.2 Pronouns
		3.3.3 Demonstratives
		3.3.4 Interrogative content words
		3.3.5 Connective
		3.3.6 Adpositions
		3.3.7 Interjections
	3.4 Summary
4 Noun structure and classifiers
	4.1 Noun structure
	4.2 Multiple classifier system
		4.2.1 General overview
		4.2.2 Classifiers
			4.2.2.1 Physical property classifiers
			4.2.2.2 Animate classifiers
			4.2.2.3 Animate classifiers and number
			4.2.2.4 Abstract classifiers
			4.2.2.5 Neutral classifier
			4.2.2.6 Repeaters
			4.2.2.7 Repeaters and specific classifiers
	4.3 Classifier-like markers
		4.3.1 Quantification marker
		4.3.2 Location markers
	4.4 Classifier stacking
	4.5 Functions of classifiers and repeaters
		4.5.1 Functions of classifiers
		4.5.2 Functions of repeaters
	4.6 Summary
5 Possession and number
	5.1 Possession ‒ general characteristics
		5.1.1 Marking in possessive constructions
			5.1.1.1 Apposition within an NP
			5.1.1.2 Genitive marking on pronouns
			5.1.1.3 Pronouns and classifiers
		5.1.2 Relationship and meaning of possessive noun phrases
		5.1.3 Predicative possessive constructions
			5.1.3.1 Attributive markers on predicates
			5.1.3.2 Using intransitive verb ‘exist’
			5.1.3.3 Verbless clauses
		5.1.4 On ‘possessibility’ of Murui nouns
	5.2 Number
		5.2.1 Marking
		5.2.2 Number of ‘headless’ nominal modifiers and partial agreement
6 Grammatical relations
	6.1 Grammatical relations ‒ general characteristics
	6.2 Arguments and case: semantics, marking, and function
		6.2.1 Core arguments
			6
			6.1
			6.2
			6.2.1
			6.2.1.1 S and A core arguments
			6.2.1.2 Differential S/A case marking
			6.2.1.3 O core arguments
			6.2.1.4 Other functions of -na
			6.2.1.5 Differential object marking
			6.2.1.6 Marking of O NP, with dative/locative
			6.2.1.7 ‘Oblique’ as core argument
			6.2.1.8 Double case marking
		6.2.2 Oblique arguments
			6.2.2.1 Locative
			6.2.2.2 Ablative
			6.2.2.3 Instrumental
			6.2.2.4 Benefactive-causal
			6.2.2.5 Privative
	6.3 Order of arguments
	6.4 Summary
7 Predicate structure, non-spatial, and spatial setting
	7.1 Predicate structure
	7.2 Non-spatial setting ‒ general remarks
		7.2.1 Tense
			7.2.1.1 Non-future
			7.2.1.2 Future
			7.2.1.3 Use of lexical time words
		7.2.2 Aspect
			7.2.2.1 Phase of activity
			7.2.2.2 Temporal extent
			7.2.2.3 Degree
			7.2.2.4 Frequency
			7.2.2.5 Manner
			7.2.2.6 Miscellaneous affixes
		7.2.3 Modality
			7.2.3.1 Attitudinal modalities
			7.2.3.2 Ability
			7.2.3.3 Obligation
			7.2.3.4 Epistemic modality
			7.2.3.5 Extensions of epistemic modalities
		7.2.4 Evidentiality
			7.2.4.1 Reported evidential
			7.2.4.2 Epistemic modality vs. evidentiality
	7.3 Spatial setting
	7.4 Summary
8 Valency-changing mechanisms
	8.1 Valency reducing devices ‒ the passive
		8.1.1 Non-future passive
		8.1.2 Future passive
	8.2 Valency increasing devices ‒ the causative
		8.2.1 Causative
		8.2.2 Double causative
	8.3 Reflexive and reciprocal
		8.3.1 Reflexive
		8.3.2 Reciprocal
		8.3.3 Reflexive and reciprocal constructions ‒ a summary
	8.4 Summary
9 Adjectives and comparative constructions
	9.1 Adjectives ‒ general remarks
		9.1.1 Adjective types and their semantic content
		9.1.2 Criteria for recognition
	9.2 Comparative constructions ‒ general remarks
		9.2.1 Comparatives with the classifier ‘side’  followed by locative
		9.2.2 Comparatives with ‘back’ followed by locative
		9.2.3 Comparatives with the locative
		9.2.4 Superlative strategies
		9.2.5 Comparison of equality
		9.2.6 Similative and meanings of equal size
	9.3 Summary
10 Negation
	9
	10
	10.1 Negation ‒ general characteristics
	10.2 Clausal negation
		10.2.1 Negation of declaratives
			10.2.1.1 Standard negative
			10.2.1.2 Negative attribution
			10.2.1.3 Subordinate clauses
		10.2.2 Negation of interrogatives
		10.2.3 Negative imperatives
		10.2.4 Negation of verbless clauses
		10.2.5 Clausal negation with the privative case marker
	10.3 Non-clausal negation
		10.3.1 Negative answers
		10.3.2 Negative words
	10.4 Summary
11 Commands and questions
	11.1 Commands ‒ general characteristics
		11.1.1 Murui canonical imperatives
		11.1.2 Murui non-canonical imperatives
		11.1.3 Responses to commands and commands at a distance
		11.1.4 Command strategies
	11.2 Questions ‒ general characteristics
		11.2.1 Content questions
		11.2.2 Polar questions
		11.2.3 Tag questions
		11.2.4 Alternative questions
		11.2.5 Exclamative questions and sentences
		11.2.6 Answers to questions
		11.2.7 Greetings
	11.3 Summary
12 Sentence types and clause linking
	12.1 Types of independent clauses
		12.1.1 Declarative
		12.1.2 Interrogative
		12.1.3 Imperative
	12.2 Independent clauses and clause linking
	12.3 Dependent clauses
		12.3.1 Subordinate clauses and clause linking
		12.3.2 Complementation strategy
		12.3.3 Relativization strategy
	12.4 Summary
13 Discourse organization
	13.1 Repetition of phrases and clauses
	13.2 Bridging constructions
		13.2.1 Recapitulative linkage
		13.2.2 Summary linkage
		13.2.3 The ‘bridging’-like connective
	13.3 Genre specific features
		13.3.1 Narratives
		13.3.2 Conversations
		13.3.3 Songs
	13.4 Focus and pause markers
	13.5 Contact-induced language change: Spanish influence on Murui
		13.5.1 Language contact and change - grammar
		13.5.2 Loanwords and calques from Spanish
		13.5.3 Discourse functions of code switching and code mixing
		13.5.4 ‘Impoverished’ and ‘ungrammatical’ language
	13.6 Summary
	Text 1: Jiyakɨno ‒ The Murui Origin Myth (Tercera India, 2016)
	Text 2: Rɨño ñaɨakɨno ‒ A Women’s Conversation (Tercera India, 2013)
	Text 3: Dajena kaɨ ɨnɨye ‒ To live united (Tercera India, 2015)
	Text 4: Momo jɨkakaza ‒ An appeal to the Father Creator (Tercera India, 2013)
	Text 5: Kaɨ iyɨkɨnuaɨ ‒ Our life stories (Tercera India, 2016)