A Grammar of Miya

Title Page......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 8
Cross-Referencing, Abbreviations, and Orthographic Conventions......Page 10
1. Classification, Location, and Cultural Notes......Page 12
2. Previous Work......Page 14
3. The Present Study......Page 15
1.1. Consonant inventory......Page 18
1.2. Rules affecting consonants......Page 19
2.2. Vowel distribution and alternation......Page 21
3.1. Syllable structure......Page 25
3.2. Word structure......Page 27
4. Morphological Palatalization......Page 28
1.1. Miya tone basics......Page 30
1.2. Tone marking system......Page 31
2.2. Nouns......Page 32
2.3. Other substantive word classes......Page 35
3.2. Tone rule ordering and application......Page 36
3.3. Further remarks on LOW RAISING......Page 38
4. Floating L Tones......Page 39
5. Non-Downstepping H's and Other Residual Tone Problems......Page 43
6.1. Tonal phrasing within noun phrases......Page 44
6.3. Some tonal non-phrases......Page 45
6.4. Some likely cases: adjunct phrases......Page 46
7. Remarks on the Prosodic Hierarchy in Miya......Page 48
1.1. Termination classes and segmental structure......Page 50
1.2. Tone classes......Page 52
2. Verbal Nouns......Page 66
2.1. Participles......Page 67
2.2. Gerunds......Page 68
2.3. Deverbal nouns......Page 70
1. Overview of the Miya TAM System......Page 72
2.1. Verbal TAM's......Page 73
2.2. Nominal TAM's......Page 74
3. Negative TAM's......Page 83
3.3. Negative Subjunctive......Page 84
3.5. Tones of negative markers......Page 85
4.2. Direct Objects (DO)......Page 86
1. Discourse Structure......Page 87
2.1. Perfectivity......Page 88
2.2. Imperfectivity (durativity, habituality, posteriority)......Page 90
2.4. Sequentiality......Page 93
3.1. Perfective and imperfective narrative discourse......Page 94
3.3. Descriptive narrative discourse......Page 95
1. Verbal Extensions: Does Miya Have Any?......Page 96
2.1. Forms and syntactic conditions......Page 97
2.2. Function and meaning of Totality......Page 98
3. PluractionaIs......Page 99
4.1. Lexically “intransitive” and lexically “neutral” verbs......Page 101
4.2. Intransitive Copy Pronouns (ICP)......Page 102
5.1. Cognate complement form......Page 103
5.2. Functions of cognate complements......Page 104
1.2. Subject pronouns......Page 105
1.4. Independent genitives......Page 106
2.2. Gender......Page 107
2.3. Plurals......Page 108
2.4. Miscellaneous nominal formatives......Page 112
3. Adjectives......Page 113
4.1. Cardinal numbers......Page 114
4.3. Other quantifiers......Page 115
6.1. The “locative form” of nouns......Page 116
6.2. Examples of words indicating location......Page 117
6.3. Locative pro-forms: the word yi or ’iy......Page 119
1.1. Affirmative clauses......Page 120
1.2. Negative clauses......Page 121
2.1. ká......Page 122
3.1. náka (m), táka (f), níyka (pI)......Page 124
3.2. nákən (m), tákən (f), níykin (pl)......Page 125
4.1. Referential nouns with specifiers other than determiners......Page 126
4.2. Generic nouns......Page 127
4.4. Referential nouns without specifiers......Page 128
5.1. “Distributive” universals: kóo-/kándà-…-éekìy ‘every, each’......Page 129
5.2. “Collective” universality: ndyâam ‘all’......Page 130
5.3. Universal relative constructions and conditionals......Page 131
6.2. Reciprocals......Page 132
2.2. Demonstratives......Page 133
3. Genitives......Page 134
3.1. Direct genitives......Page 135
3.2. Independent genitives......Page 137
3.3. Linked genitives......Page 138
3.4. Nominalized verbs with expressed arguments......Page 139
4.1. Attributive adjectives......Page 140
4.3. “all”......Page 141
5.1. BA/MA/SəBA + simple noun or noun phrase......Page 142
5.2. BA/MA/SəBA + clause: Relative Clauses......Page 144
5.3. BA/MA/SəBA with other sentential complement types......Page 149
7. Order of Constituents in “Long” Noun Phrases and “Heavy Shift”......Page 150
1.2. Subjects......Page 152
1.3. Direct and indirect (dative or benefactive) objects......Page 159
1.4. Locatives......Page 162
1.5. Instruments: preposition àa `......Page 163
1.6. Comitatives: prepositions ’ə̀náa` or ’ə̀fáa`......Page 164
1.9. Quantifier complements......Page 165
1.10. Manner adverbs (including ideophones)......Page 166
1.13. Pleonastic aa (“pIn”)......Page 167
2. Imperatives and Hortatives......Page 168
3. Comparison and Equation......Page 169
4.1. Equational and identificational sentences......Page 170
4.3. Possessive (‘HAVE’) sentences......Page 171
4.4. Existential sentences......Page 172
4.6. Stative sentences......Page 173
4.7. Presentative sentences (“here is …”, “there is …”)......Page 174
1. Yes/No Questions......Page 175
2.1. General features......Page 177
2.2. Questions and focus in verbal clauses......Page 178
2.3. Questions and focus syntax in non-verbal clauses......Page 181
4. Focus by Pseudo-clefting......Page 183
5.1. Pragmatics of topic vs. focus......Page 184
5.2. The syntax of topics vs. focus......Page 185
5.3. Illustration and discussion of topics......Page 186
1. Introduction: Givón's Typology of Clausal Complements......Page 188
2.2. Manipulative verbs: ‘cause’, ‘prevent’, ‘allow’......Page 189
3.1. Self-inducement verbs with nominalized complements: ‘be able’, ‘try’, ‘refuse’......Page 190
4. Epistemic Verbs......Page 191
4.2. Perception verbs: ‘hear’, ‘see’, ‘discover’......Page 192
5.2. Modal expressions: ‘be fitting’, ‘be necessary’, ‘be possible’......Page 193
6.2. Indirect statements......Page 194
6.5. Indirect questions......Page 195
1.2. Nominal subject position in adverbial clauses......Page 197
2.1. Simple conditionals......Page 198
2.2. Concessive conditionals......Page 201
2.3. Generic conditionals: “WH … ever”, “no matter WH …”......Page 202
3.1. Cohesive clauses: dàga/dàg-ée vs. kwáa......Page 204
3.2. Sequence marking......Page 205
5. ‘After’ Clauses......Page 207
7. ‘Until’ and ‘not until’ clauses: hár, kwápa......Page 208
8. Circumstantial Clauses......Page 209
9. Reason and Purpose Clauses and Phrases......Page 210
9.2. Purpose clauses and phrases: ‘so that’, ‘in order to’......Page 211
Appendix I: Pronouns......Page 212
Appendix II: Verb Classes......Page 214
References......Page 217