A Comprehensive Review For the Certification and Recertification Examinations for Physician Assistants

Contents

Acknowledgments vi

Preface vii

Contributors viii

Reviewers x

Pretest P-1

Pretest Explanations PE-1

1. Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 1

I. Disorders of the Eyes 1

II. Disorders of the Ears 10

III. Disorders of the Nose, Sinus, and Throat 13

2. Pulmonology 18

I. Infectious Disorders 18

II. Neoplastic Disease 24

III. Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 27

IV. Pleural Diseases 31

V. Pulmonary Circulation 33

VI. Restrictive Pulmonary Disease 34

VII. Other Pulmonary Diseases 36

3. Cardiology 38

I. Major Principles of Cardiac Care 38

II. Shock 38

III. Orthostasis/Postural Hypotension 39

IV. Hypertension 40

V. Congestive Heart Failure 43

VI. Atherosclerosis 45

VII. Ischemic Heart Disease 45

VIII. Acute Coronary Syndromes 46

IX. Congenital Heart Anomalies 50

X. Valvular Disorders 51

XI. Rate and Rhythm Disorders 54

XII. Conduction Disturbances 59

XIII. Cardiomyopathies 60

XIV. Pericardial Disorders 64

XV. Infective Endocarditis 65

XVI. Rheumatic Heart Disease 66

XVII. Peripheral Vascular Disorders 67

XVIII. Giant Cell Arteritis 69

XIX. Aortic Aneurysms 70

4. Hematology 71

I. Red Cell Disorders 71

II. White Cell Disorders – Leukemias 84

III. Lymphomas and Myeloma 86

IV. Platelet and Bleeding Disorders 87

V. Thrombotic Disorders and Hypercoagulable Conditions 91

5. Gastroenterology 93

I. Diseases of the Esophagus 93

II. Diseases of the Stomach 96

III. Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon 99

IV. Diseases of the Rectum and Anus 107

V. Appendicitis 108

VI. Diseases of the Pancreas 109

VII. Diseases of the Biliary Tract 111

VIII. Diseases of the Liver 112

IX. Hernias 115

X. Congenital Abnormalities 115

XI. Nutritional Deficiencies 116

XII. Metabolic Disorders 117

6. Nephrology and Urology 118

I. Renal Failure 118

II. Glomerular Disorders 121

III. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) 123

IV. Nephrolithiasis 124

V. Disorders of Salt and Water 126

VI. Electrolyte Disorders 129

VII. Acid–Base Disorders 133

VIII. Urinary Tract Infection 136

IX. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 138

X. Incontinence 139

XI. Neoplasms of the Urinary Tract 140

XII. Male Reproductive Disorders 143

7. Gynecology 147

I. Menstrual Disorders 147

II. Uterine Disorders 151

III. Ovarian Disorders 153

IV. Cervical Dysplasia and Neoplasia 155

V. Vaginal and Vulvar Disorders 157

VI. Breast Disorders 158

VII. Contraceptive Methods 159

VIII. Infertility 161

IX. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 161

8. Obstetrics 163

I. Routine Prenatal Care and Prenatal Diagnostic Testing 163

II. Complications of Pregnancy 167

III. Labor and Delivery 176

IV. Puerperium 180

9. Rheumatology and Orthopaedics (Musculoskeletal System) 181

I. Arthritis/Rheumatologic Conditions 181

II. Bone and Joint Disorders 189

III. Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains, and Strains 192

IV. Disorders of the Head and Neck 195

V. Disorders of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity 196

VI. Disorders of the Back 202

VII. Disorders of the Hip and Lower Extremity 205

10. Endocrinology 209

I. Parathyroid Disorders 209

II. Thyroid Disorders 211

III. Pituitary Gland 217

IV. Diabetes Mellitus 219

V. Hyperlipidemia 225

VI. Adrenal Gland Disorders 226

11. Neurology 229

I. Cerebrovascular Disease 229

II. Seizure Disorders 232

III. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 233

IV. Dementia 234

V. Headache  236

VI. Movement Disorders 238

VII. Diseases of Peripheral Nerves 240

VIII. CNS Infection 244

IX. CNS Trauma 246

X. Primary CNS Neoplasms 248

XI. Sleep Disorders  249

12. Psychiatry  250

I. Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders 250

II. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 250

III. Somatoform Disorders 252

IV. Mood Disorders 255

V. Personality Disorders 259

VI. Anxiety Disorders 264

VII. Eating Disorders 267

VIII. Substance Abuse Disorders 269

IX. Childhood Disorders 271

X. Abuse and Neglect 273

XI. Rape Crisis 275

XII. Uncomplicated Bereavement 276

13. Dermatology 277

I. Diagnosis 277

II. Maculopapular and Plaque Disorders 278

III. Vesiculobullous Disorders 283

IV. Papulopustular Inflammatory Disorders 284

V. Localized Skin Infections 287

VI. Dermatophytosis 288

VII. Parasitic Infestations 289

VIII. Warts (Verrucae) 291

IX. Tumors 291

X. Ulcers, Burns, and Wounds 293

XI. Hair and Nails 294

XII. Pigmentation Disorders 294

XIII. Angioedema and Urticaria 295

14. Infectious Disease 297

I. Fever 297

II. Bacterial Infections 297

III. Viral Infections 304

IV. Fungal Infections 314

V. Parasitic Infections 316

VI. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 319

VII. Spirochetal Infections 322

15. Surgery 324

I. Patient History 324

II. Preoperative Evaluation 324

III. Trauma 331

IV. Burns 334

V. Orthopaedic Injuries 337

VI. Postoperative Complications 337

VII. Laparoscopic/Bariatric Surgery 341

16. Geriatrics 343

I. Background 343

II. Patient Care 343

III. Selected Common Diseases and Disorders with Unique Features in the Elderly 354

IV. Legal, Ethical, and Financial Issues 357

17. Pediatrics 358

I. Examination of the Newborn 358

II. Problems Common to the Term Newborn 362

III. Developmental Milestones and Disorders 365

IV. Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Chromosomal Abnormalities, and Common Dysmorphic Syndromes 367

V. Failure to Thrive, Growth Delay, and Selected Nutritional Disorders of Childhood 371

VI. Immunization of Infants and Children 373

VII. Common Pediatric Poisonings 375

VIII. Common Pediatric Disorders 377

Index 379