A Comprehensive Overview of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Clinical and Basic Science Aspects

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A COMPREHENSIVE
OVERVIEW OF
IRRITABLE BOWEL
SYNDROME
Clinical and Basic Science
Aspects
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Introduction to irritable bowel syndrome: General overview and epidemiology
	References
Pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome
	Fundamentals-Impaired gut motility and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS
		Alteration in gut motility
		Visceral hypersensitivity
	Factors and mechanisms in IBS pathology
		Brain-gut axis
		Serotonin and its metabolism
		Possible role of peptide YY
		Histamine and mast cells
		Gut microbiota
		Genetics
		Low-grade mucosal inflammation and immune activation
		The role of diet in IBS
	Conclusions
	References
Irritable bowel syndrome and the brain-gut connection
	Introduction
	BGA anatomy and IBS
		Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
	Enteric nervous system
	Immune system
	Central nervous system
	The microbiota-brain-gut axis
	MBGA pathways
		5-HT
		SCFAs
		GABA
	Restoring the microbiota-brain-gut axis to treat IBS
	Conclusion
	References
The control of the intestinal epithelium integrity in irritable bowel syndrome patients
	Mechanical barrier
	Intestinal microbiota
	Immunological activation in irritable bowel syndrome
		T cells
		Mast cells
		Macrophages and eosinophils
		B cells
		Immune system activation in IBS
	Nervous system
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Irritable bowel syndrome and gut microbiota
	Gut microbiota
	Post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS)
	Microbiota-brain-gut axis
	Gut microbiota alteration in IBS
	Small intestine bacterial overgrowth
	Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics
	Fecal microbiota transplantation
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Gender-related differences and significance of gonadal hormones in irritable bowel syndrome
	Gender-related differences in irritable bowel syndrome
	Gonadal hormones in irritable bowel syndrome
	Estrogen and androgen receptors in irritable bowel syndrome
	Gonadal hormones in the colonic motility modulation
	Gonadal hormones in the visceral pain regulation
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Genetic aspect (with SNPs) of irritable bowel syndrome
	Introduction
	Mutations within genes related to voltage-gated sodium channel
	Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with IBS pathophysiology
		Serotonin genes
			Serotonin transporter gene
			Serotonin receptor genes
		Cannabinoid receptor genes
		Guanine nucleotide-binding protein
		Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene
		Interleukin genes
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Clinical diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome
	Introduction
	Rome IV criteria for IBS
		Step I
		Step II
		Step III
		Step IV
			Basic laboratory tests
			Additional laboratory tests
	Conclusion
	Further reading
Biomarkers of irritable bowel syndrome
	Introduction
	Markers of the inflammatory process
	Microbiome-related markers
	Biomarkers related to changes in intestinal permeability
	Biomarkers related to intercellular interactions
	Adipokines and neuropetides as biomarkers in IBS
	Biomarkers related to lipid turnover
	Potential biomarkers expressed in leukocytes
	Immune cell-derived biomarkers
	Biomarkers in panels
	Other potential biomarkers
	Genetic testing
	Conclusions
	References
Irritable bowel syndrome: Current therapies and future perspectives
	Empirical treatment
		Anti-spasmodics
	Constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C)
		Prostaglandin derivative (lubiprostone)
		Targeting guanylyl cyclase C (linaclotide)
		Sodium-hydrogen exchanger inhibitor (tenapanor)
	Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D)
		Inhibition of serotonergic pathway (alosetron, cilansetron, ramosetron)
		Targeting opioid receptors (loperamide, eluxadoline, asimadoline)
		Targeting gut microbiota (probiotics, antibiotics)
			Probiotics
			Antibiotic (rifaximin)
	Future perspectives
		Adsorbent-AST-120
		Tryptophan hydroxylase-1 inhibitor-LX1031
		Tachykinin receptor inhibitor-Ibodutant
		5-HT4 agonists-Tegaserod, prucalopride
		Glucagon-like peptide 1 analog-ROSE-010
		Muscarinic receptor type 3 antagonist-Solifenacin
		Tyrosine derivative-Tiropramide
		Bombesin receptor subtype 2 antagonist-ASP-7147
		Melatonin
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Pain in irritable bowel syndrome
	Non-pharmacological treatment
		Psycho- and hypnotherapy in IBS
		Self-management
		Education
		Patient-doctor relationship
		Dietary modifications
			FODMAP-diet
			Fiber
			Probiotics
			Red pepper-capsaicin
		Peppermint oil
		Herbal supplements
	Pharmacological treatment
		Antidepressants
			TCAs
			SSRIs
			SNRIs
		Pregabalin and gabapentin
		Benzodiazepines
		Antibiotics
		Antispasmodics
		Laxatives
			Lubiprostone
			Linaclotide
			Tegaserod
		Antidiarrheals
			Alosetron
			Ramosetron
			Ondansetron and granisetron
			Loperamide
			Eluxadoline
		Centrally acting opioids
		Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid
	Conclusion
	References
Non-pharmacological approach in irritable bowel syndrome therapy
	Non-pharmacological approach
	Diet
		FODMAP
		Medical foods
		Dietary advices for IBS patients
	Psychological interventions
		Cognitive behavioral therapy
		Gut-directed hypnosis
		Psychodynamic interpersonal therapy
	Physical activity
	Fecal microbiota transplantation
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Diet in irritable bowel syndrome
	Introduction
	The diet
		The first line therapy
			Energy and macronutrients intake
			Fluid intake
			Alcohol intake
			Caffeine intake
			Fiber intake
			Milk and dairy products
			Spicy food intake
			Physical activity
		The second line approach-Low FODMAP diet
		Other possibilities
			Gluten free diet
			Probiotic supplementation
			Fecal microbiota transplantation
	Conclusions
	References
Correlation of irritable bowel syndrome with psychiatric disorders
	Introduction
	Bipolar disorder
	Depression
	Anxiety disorders
	Obsessive-compulsive disorder
	Posttraumatic stress disorder
	Schizophrenia
	Sleep disorders
	Use disorders
	Erectile dysfunction
	Dementia
	Eating disorders
	Summary
	References
Preclinical models of irritable bowel syndrome
	Introduction
	Animal models of irritable bowel syndrome
		IBS induction through the direct stimulation of the colonic mucosa
			Chemically-induced IBS models
			Parasite infection-induced animal models
		Stress-induced IBS
			Stress during adult life
			Stress during early life
			Models of IBS with constipation
	In vitro methods to study irritable bowel syndrome
		Studies in biopsies from IBS patients and animal models
			Protein expression and immunohistochemical studies
			Transmission electron microscopy studies
			Ussing chambers to study mucosa permeability of IBS patients and animal models
		Cell and organ cultures and organ bath studies
			Cell and organoid cultures
			Whole-mount preparations
			Organ bath studies
			Gut-on-a-chip
	Conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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